1. Page 1 Herbs, Herbs, Herbs Unit 7 HW205 Vitamins, Herbs & Nutritional Supplements Kaplan University

2. Page 2 Learning Outcomes Identify common herbs and know when they would be recommended. Understand the categorization of herbs. Be able to define an herb. Know what the German Commission E Monographs are. Understand the issues surrounding herbs and potential contamination.

3. Page 3 Discussion Board Discuss the article on herbs and/or herbal medicine that you selected when you completed the reading assignment and visited the BS Resource Room for the School of Health Sciences. Be sure to cite the article, journal and any quotations using APA format.

4. Page 4 Exercise Using your Mosby’s book, the internet and a trip to a health food store, read about and compare three different herbs. For each herb, find one standardized and one non-standardized brand. Write down what is on the Nutrition Facts Panel and Ingredients as well as the price. Did the supplements with the standardization cost more? Were there other interesting differences like GMP or organic stamps on the standardized products? Write a two page paper (APA format) on your findings.

5. Page 5 Outline of Tonight’s Seminar Introduce phytochemicals. Define and categorize herbs Introduce the German Commisson E Monographs Discuss issues regarding safety, regulation and contamination Q & As

6. Page 6 What are Phytochemicals? “ Nonnutrient” compounds found in plants that have biological activity in the body. Tens of thousands of them exist. Not considered essential because the body does not develop a deficiency disease if they are not consumed. The body cannot make them.

7. Page 7 Characteristics of Phytochemicals Act as plant hormones. Provide color, flavor and protect plants from insect, microbes and oxidation. Over 2000 phytochemicals act as pigments and at least 600 carotenoids – orange, yellow, red. Amount and type of phytochemical vary depending on the plant.

8. Page 8 How Do Phytochemicals Work? Act as hormone-inhibiting substances that prevent the initiation of cancer. Serve as antioxidants that prevent and repair damage due to oxidation. Block or neutralize enzymes that promote the development of cancer and other diseases.

9. Page 9 Examples of Phytochemicals Allicin – garlic, onions, leeks, chives, shallots Capsaicin – hot peppers Carotenoids – deeply pigmented fruits/veggies Curcumin – tumeric Flavonoids – berries, black/green tea, purple grapes/juice, soybeans/soy products, wine

10. Page 10 Examples of Phytochemicals Indoles – cruciferous veggies Terpenes (eg limonene) – citrus fruit peels and oils Phenolic acids – coffee beans, fruits, oats, potatoes, soybeans Lignans – flaxseed, whole grains

11. Page 11 Examples of Phytochemicals Phytic acid – whole grains Phytoestrogens – soybeans, soy flour/milk, tofu, other legume products Resveratrol – red wine, peanuts Tannins – black-eyed peas, grapes, lentils, red/white wine, tea

12. Page 12 Health Benefits Diets rich in fruits and vegetables are protective against CVD & certain cancers. Reduce risk of macular degeneration and cataracts. Reduce risk of infectious disease, type 2 DM, stroke, HTN, and other disorders.

13. Page 13 Let’s do a poll!

14. Page 14 False! They can be sold without proof of safety or efficacy.

15. Page 15 Let’s do one more…

16. Page 16 False! Results of clinical trials - not historic use - are the gold standard for determining safety and effectiveness of herbal remedies and other dietary supplements.

17. Page 17 What is an Herb? A plant lacking a permanent woody stem. Many are flowering garden plants or other potherbs. Some have medicinal properties.

18. Page 18 The Science of Herbal Use Phytotherapy – the science of using plant medicine to positively impact illness. German physician Rudolf Fritz Weiss (1898-1991) wrote the Textbook of Phytotherapy (Lehrbuch der Phytotherapie) which became one of the leading authorities as a reference for herbal medicine. Now called Herbal Medicine.

19. Page 19 Categorizing Herbs Adaptogens –Herbs that have a nonspecific effect of balancing the body systems. Antioxidants –Help to fight against free radical damage. Astringents –Have a tightening effect and help to promote a toning effect on tissue. Ginseng, Photo Source: Wikipedia Milk thistle, Photo Source: Wikipedia Witch hazel, Photo Source: Wikipedia

20. Page 20 Categorizing Herbs Carminatives –Derived from the Latin word ‘carminare’ meaning ‘to cleanse’. Cholagogues –Help to stimulate both the production and flow of bile from the gallbladder. Demulcents –Help to soothe or protect irritated mucous membranes due to their high mucilage content. Chamomille, Photo Source: Medline Peppermint, Photo Source: Medline Turmeric & curcumin, Photo Source: Medline

21. Page 21 Categorizing Herbs Digestive bitters –Help the digestion of foods eaten. Immunomodulators –Promote healthy immune function. Laxatives –Promotes elimination. –Bulk form or stimulant. Echinacea, Photo Source: Wikipedia Psyllium plant, Photo Source: Wikipedia

22. Page 22 Remember This! “You can call anything a dietary supplement, even something you grown in your backyard.” Donna Porter, PhD, RD Supplements are loosely regulated by the FDA – they do not have to be tested. GMPs however are being phased in.

23. Page 23 FDA Regulations – Remember! Supplements are considered safe until demonstrated to be hazardous by the FDA. –Few have been adequately tested. –Negative results in studies might not be reported. The FDA receives thousands of reports of adverse effects of supps, involving over 100 deaths. Must be labeled with a listing of ingredients. Report problems to 1.888.SAFEFOOD or 888.723.3366 Sign up for MedWatch: http://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/default.htm

24. Page 24 Did You Know? National surveys show that more than 50% of Americans take some form of dietary supplement. Total sales from supps in 2009 were more than $20 billion! About 30% of all modern drugs have been derived from plants. Plant products known to treat disease are considered drugs but OTC herbs are not. –Drugs have been tested, herbs have not. –Drugs are highly regulated, herbs are not.

25. Page 25 Did You Know? Herbal remedies have side effects just like drugs do. The benefits must outweigh the risks to be valuable. Available evidence indicates that some herbal remedies are safe and effective while others are neither safe nor effective.

26. Page 26 German Commission E Monographs Created in Germany, these monographs describe plant medicine, their health care applications, dosages and safety precautions. There are more than 300 monographs listed currently that have been reviewed by professionals in the field of natural medicine.

27. Page 27 Contamination and Quality Issues Lack of regulation. Governed by DSHEA, but no specifics as to quality. Where they’re grown, soil content, how they’re harvested all play a role in potency, strength and quality. No one profits from testing. Herbs cannot be patented.

28. Page 28 Contamination and Quality Issues Manufactured into different mediums –Teas, infusions, tinctures, fluid extracts, solid extracts. –Standardization Guarantees a certain level of a particular constituent is present in the formulation. Expressed as total weight of product. A way to check for quality in herbal preps. Concerns about herbs imported into US –Possible contamination with heavy metals, pesticides, etc

29. Page 29 Be Aware and Be Safe! Not all herbs and supplements are the same. You MUST know what you are looking for on the label before recommending or taking herbal products on your own. Learn quality brands & look for standardization. Know where to look for proper dosages. –German Commission E Monographs, your textbooks, links I posted in Webliography. Don’t blindly trust the internet!

30. Page 30 Feel free to email me anytime at jneily@kaplan.edu jneily@kaplan.edu Questions?