1. Unit 2 Energy Transformation
Shani Hall

2. Energy in an Ecosystem
Primary energy source is the sun

3. Energy in an Ecosystem
Producers-organism that use sun’s energy to make their own food (plants)

4. Energy in an ecosystem
Consumers-organisms that eat other organisms

5. Types of Consumers
Herbivores: consumers that eat only plants

6. Types of Consumers
Carnivores: eat only animals (meat-eaters)

7. Types of Consumers
Omnivore: organisms that eat both plants and animals

8. Types of Consumers
Scavengers-animals that feed on dead animals

9. Types of Consumers
Decomposer-break down waste and return nutrients back to the earth

10. Food Chain
Is a way of showing how the energy from food moves through populations of organisms.

11. Food chains Arrows show - Start with producers (plants)-
Show direction that food and energy move along the chain.
Start with producers (plants)-

12. Food Chain
Producers(plant)primary consumers(grasshopper)secondary consumer (mouse)-tertiary consumer (cat)
Organisms do not survive without the survival of other species
Build the food chain!

13. Food Web
Show how several food chains are related

14. Energy Loss
During energy transfer energy is lost in the environment as heat.
All life processes require energy (grow, search for food, and reproduce)-energy is being used by organisms
can not be replaced once it is lost

15. Energy Pyramid (Draw)
1. 10% of the energy is transferred to the next level.
2. Loss of energy limits the number of consumers.
a. there are less consumers than producers

16. Food Chain Bubble Map
LC-1. five words that relate to food chains and two pictures
JR-three words, three pictures and one phrase
MC-two words, four pictures and one phrase
All Groups: Explain the key components of a food chain (3-5 sentences)

17. Relationship between Organisms
Resources are limited in an ecosystem
Animals sharing a habitat struggle for resources: food, shelter, water and territory

18. Competition Struggle among organisms for resources in an ecosystem.
Animals that are better adapted to conditions in the habitat are more likely to survive and reproduce

19. Predation
A relationship in which an organisms kills and eats another organisms.
Predator-organisms that is doing the eating
Prey-organisms that is being eaten

20. Predation

21. Predation

22. Symbiosis
Is a close relationship between two organisms from different species that may help or harm the organisms.
Example:
Dodo Bird gets food and protection by riding on the rhino’s back

23. Learning Assignment
LC-Divide paper into three and define: predator, prey, and competition (definition, drawing and sentence)
JR-Divide paper into four and define the following terms: predator, prey, competition, and symbiosis (definition, drawing and sentence)
MC-Double Bubble-Predator vs. Prey
A. draw your similarities
B. Write your differences
All groups: How do predators depend up prey? (2-3 sentences)

24. Photosynthesis
Green plants are autotrophs (make their own food in their leaves)
Leaves are known as “ food factories”
Site of photosynthesis

25. Photosynthesis Food making process in plants that uses sunlight.
Food that plants make is sucrose (sugar)

26. Photosynthesis Equation
Given off into atmosphere
Absorbed from atmosphere
Reactants
Products
Takes place in the chloroplast that contains the pigment (chlorophyll) that reflects green.

27. Importance of Photosynthesis
Two Reasons:
1. The oxygen in the air comes from photosynthesis.
plants continue to replenish the oxygen in the air.
2. All of our food comes directly or indirectly from photosynthesis.

28. Heterotrophs Heterotrophs
Get energy from food instead of directly from sunlight

29. Energy and Living Things
Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.
Examples of Work
Growing
Sleeping
Running
Healing
Source of energy for all organisms is food.
Without energy life can not exist

30. Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration-similar to burning fuel
Breaking down food to produce energy (ATP)
Takes place in the mitochondria
Opposite of photosynthesis
Equation:
Oxygen + food-water + energy + carbon dioxide
Occurs in both plants and animals
Absorbed by plants

31. Importance of Cellular Respiration
Removes the energy from food so that it can be used to do work.

32. Learning Experience
LC-Divide paper into four and define: photosynthesis, cellular respiration, autotrophs, and heterotrophs.
JR-Two paragraph letter from the leaf to the sun explaining why the sun is important to you.
MC-Divide paper into four and draw a photosynthesis cartoon. Each part of cartoon should have a caption. You must include: a plant, sunlight, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and food (sugar) as a part of your cartoon.

33. Properties of Water
Water is important in an ecosystem and to the life.
70% of the body is made up of water
70% of the world is covered with water
Therefore life can not exist without water.

34. Properties of Water 1. Water Stores Heat Efficiently
Making it a good source of energy

35. Properties of Water
2. Water Bonds to itself and other substances

36. Properties of Water
3. Cohesion-sticking to other surfaces

37. Properties of Water
4.Capillary Action-pressure that pulls water upward

38. Properties of Water
5. Turgor Pressure: pressure exerted on the cell wall of a plant when the vacuole is filled with water.
Causes the plant to stand upright or wilt with there is a lack of turgor pressure.

39. Water Properties
6. Water Dissolves other substances (universal solvent)

40. Learning Experience
Imagine that one day you woke up and all of the water in the world is gone. Write a four paragraph story on the right side of the notebook that describes what happened the morning that you woke up and there was no water. Give your story a title:

41. Water Cycle Water never leaves the Earth.
It is constantly being cycled through the atmosphere, ocean, and land (water cycle).
driven by energy from the sun.
The water cycle is important to life on earth.

43. Carbon Cycle Living things are made up of organic compounds
Contain Carbon
Carbon that is found in atmosphere is CO2(carbon dioxide)

44. Carbon Cycle Process by which carbon is recycled
Repeated movement of carbon between Earth’s atmosphere and living things.

45. Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the main parts of the carbon cycle.
Producers use carbon dioxide to make food in photosynthesis.

46. Carbon Cycle
Carbon dioxide is returned back to the atmosphere when food is used to make energy in cellular respiration.
Carbon Dioxide

47. Carbon Cycle
Carbon dioxide is transferred through the food chain as consumers eat other organisms.

48. Carbon Cycle
Decomposers break down dead material to return carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

49. Nitrogen in the Air
Organisms need nitrogen to build proteins-(needed to build and repair cells)
Atmosphere is 78% nitrogen gas
Most organisms unable to use form found in atmosphere

51. Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
Transform nitrogen into a usable compound.
Live in the roots of legume plants

52. Nitrogen Cycle
Using and reusing nitrogen in an ecosystem

53. Read the Passage: Activating Learning
When you lie down for the night, you probably think that your body is completely at rest. In fact, you will still be digesting food you ate that day, the scrape on your elbow will be healing, and your muscles and bones will be growing and developing. All of the things that are happening inside your body are the result of chemical reactions.
Why is the body like a 24-hour reaction factory?

54. Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions allow living things to grow, develop, reproduce and adapt.

55. Enzymes: Chemical Reactions
Biochemical reactions must occur at a certain rate in order to sustain life. (growth, repair and reproduction)

56. Enzymes
Function: To speed up slow reactions that take place in the body.

57. Enzymes
Enzymes: organic catalyst that control the rate of chemical reactions within cells by speeding them up.
Reduce activation energy-energy needed to start reaction
Proteins
Without chemical reactions would occur to slowly to sustain life.
Important to life

58. Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Enzymes work by providing a site for reactants (substrate) to come together to react.

59. Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Active site: substrate and enzyme bind together and products are released.
Shape of substrate and enzyme or complementary in shape (lock and key)
Enzyme is unchanged and can be used over and over again.

60. Enzymes Animation

62. Learning Experience
LC-Define: enzyme, activation energy, catalyst and active site.
Definition, drawing, and sentence using the key term.
Answer Question: Why are enzymes important?
JR-Bubble Map-four pictures and three words. Explain in three sentences why enzymes are important.
MC-Come up with two objects. One will represent the substrate and the other will represent the enzyme.
Illustrate what happens when both the enzyme and substrate come into contact with each other.
Label which object is the substrate and which is the enzyme.
Explain why enzymes are important (3 sentences)

63. RAFT Role: Chemical Reaction Audience: Enzyme Format: Invitation
Topic: You are inviting the enzyme to the chemical reaction party. Please explain the following in two-three paragraphs: the location, time, the event and why the enzyme has been invited to the party.
Draw picture of the party on left side page.

64. What is a
MACROMOLECULE 64

65. What do these words mean?
Micro
MACRO 65

66. Macromolecule
Large Molecule that is formed by joining together smaller organic molecules.
MACRO 66

67. The Big Four 67

68. CARBOHYDRATES Main source of energy in the body. They are our fuel!
Provide structural support in the cell wall in plants. (Keep the cell from being a mushy mess)
Broken down into simple sugar known as glucose. 68

69. EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Fruits, vegetables, cookies, breads, pasta and cakes 69

70. Lipids (Fats) Not soluble in water (WILL NOT DISSOLVE)
store energy (Insulation for animals)
Important part of the structure and function of cell membrane (controls what moves in and out of cell)

71. LIPIDS
OILS
BUTTER
MARGARINE 71

72. Proteins
Amino acids (building blocks) joined together to make proteins
Promote chemical reactions-enzyme (remember function speed up chemical reaction)

73. Proteins Antibodies-help fight off infections
HELP CELL TO BUILD NEW CELL PARTS
Antibodies-help fight off infections
Help muscle to contract (Make body movement possible)

74. Sources of Protein
eggs, milk, fish, poultry, and meat

75. Nucleic Acid
Nucleotides (building blocks) join together to create nucleic acids
2 Types: DNA and RNA
Stores and transmits hereditary information
DNA-MAP OF INDIVIDUAL
Play a role in the manufacture of proteins that express our traits (eye color, hair color and height)

76. NUCLEIC ACIDS 76

77. Importance of Macromolecules
Cells could not function without macromolecules
Life would not exist without macromolecules

78. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are:
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods.
The 3 biochemical molecules
found on a nutrition label are:
FAT
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
Carbohydrates
(13 grams in this product)
Protein
(9 grams in this product) 78

79. Left-side Assignment Brace Map
Draw a picture and write a description of each macromolecule
Explain why macromolecules are important?

80. Catalog the Macromolecules
Use 8 ½ by 11 sheets of paper to complete the following assignment that is due on Thursday.
Remember you are advertising the macromolecules so be creative and use lots of color.

81. Cataloging Macromolecules (pp.34-41)
Title Page ( Title (Be creative), name, date, period, and picture)
Each Macromolecule page should have the following information
Name (Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acid)
Picture that reflects the macromolecules (creative)
Price
Reason why the cell should purchase these items (Function: what does the molecule do for the cell)
Staple all together at the end.