1. New Empires in the Americas (1500 – 1700)
Chapter 3
New Empires in the Americas (1500 – 1700)

2. Chapter 3 New Empires in the Americas
Section 1
The Conquistadores

3. Cortés and the Aztec
Conquistadores – Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas
Hernán Cortés – conquered the Aztecs
Moctezuma II was ruler of the Aztec Empire when Cortes captured it
Some Aztecs believed Cortes was Quetzalcoatl
Spanish assisted by superior weapons, disease, and enemies of the Aztec

4. Pizarro’s Conquest of the Inca
Francisco Pizarro – conquered the Inca
Inca ruler – Atahualpa

5. Conquistadores in Florida
Juan Ponce de León came to the Americas to find gold and the Fountain of Youth

6. The Quest for Gold
Hernando de Soto traveled through present-day North Carolina, Alabama, and Mississippi
First European to cross the Mississippi River
During his travels among large, thriving cultures of American Indians, de Soto stole food and fought with many American Indian groups
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado searched for the Seven Cities of Cíbola
Successful in finding and conquering, but no gold
Angered American Indians he encountered

7. United Streaming Video Assignment Discovery - Conquistadors

8. Chapter 3 New Empires in the Americas
Section 2
Spanish America

9. The Spanish Empire
Council of the Indies – formed to govern the Americas from Spain
Wrote laws, selected officials, and judged legal cases
Appointed 2 viceroys (royal governors)
Viceroyalty of Peru (included most of S. America)
Viceroyalty of New Spain (Central America, Mexico, and southern part of present-day U.S.)
Governors chose local officials

10. Ruling New Spain
3 types of settlements that filled economic, religious or military roles:
Pueblos – trading posts, sometimes centers of government
Missions – started by priests to convert local American Indians to Catholicism; built around church
Presidios – military forts; protect towns and missions; many built in frontier areas (present-day Florida and Texas)
Royal Orders for New Discoveries – principal purpose for establishing new settlements was to convert American Indians to Christianity

11. The Economy of New Spain
Encomienda system – gave Spanish (encomenderos) the right to tax local American Indians or to make them work
also supposed to protect and teach; convert to Christianity
Most treated Indians like slaves – forced to grow crops, work in mines, herd cattle
Bartolome de Las Casas – spoke out against encomienda system and defended rights of natives; originally supported African slave labor, then changed his mind

12. The Economy of New Spain (continued)
In Caribbean, native resistance and disease led Spanish to begin bringing enslaved Africans to work
Plantations - large farms that grew one type of crop
Sugar plantations = very common
Huge profits for owners

13. Expanding into the Borderlands
Few lived in the borderlands – northern Mexico, Florida, and parts of present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas
Spanish government wondered if Florida was worth risk; changed when French settled on Florida’s east coast
Aviles founded fort of St. Augustine; first European city in North America; vital for maintaining control of Florida and the Spanish trade from Mexico

14. Expanding into the Borderlands (continued)
Juan de Onate – first effort to settle New Mexico
helped found the town of Santa Fe – became trade center and most important Spanish settlement in New Mexico
Settlement depended on food from Pueblo; Spanish abuses led to revolt in 1660
Popé led Pueblo to drive Spanish out of New Mexico
Spanish regained control in 1692

15. Expanding into the Borderlands (continued)
First major Spanish settlement in Texas was founded near the site of present day El Paso
El Camino Real – “the Royal Road” – built to connect scattered communities

16. Colonial Society
Spanish Empire in the Americas – between 3 and 4 million people; American Indian = 80% of population
Spanish law divided society into classes based on birthplace and race
Peninsulares – white Spaniards born in Spain; held highest government offices
Criollos – born in Americas to Spanish parents
Mestizos – both Spanish and American Indian parents
American Indians – limited rights
Enslaved Africans – little or no legal protection
Women had fewer rights than men

17. Chapter 3 New Empires in the Americas
Section 3
Religious and Political Changes in Europe

18. The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation in Germany – religious movement that began as an effort to reform the church
Reformers = Protestants
Printing press helped to spread the Reformation
Confrontations between Catholics and Protestants took place all around Europe
French Protestants – Huguenots
King Henry VIII founded the Church of England (Anglican Church)

19. Conflict Between Spain and England
King Philip II used Spain’s wealth to lead Catholic Reformation against the Protestant movement
Sent troops to fight Protestants in the Netherlands
Hoped to drive Protestants out of England
Queen Elizabeth I of England – Protestant daughter of King Henry VIII; wanted peace between England’s Protestants and Catholics
Used sea dogs – veteran English sailors she encouraged to raid Spanish treasure ships – to fight without going to war
Raids hurt Spanish economy
Most successful sea dog = Sir Francis Drake

20. The Spanish Armada
Fleet of approximately 130 ships and 27,000 sailors and soldiers
Sent to invade England by King Philip who wanted to overthrow Elizabeth and the Anglican Church
Problems: Leader = poor sailor; Drake raided supplies delaying them for several months
Even with problems, it was strong fighting force; sea dogs, merchants, and fisherman added their ships to England’s defense to even the odds
English advantages = speed, greater mobility, better cannons
English defeated Spanish Armada – Philip’s attempt to conquer England failed

21. The Decline of the Spanish Empire
Golden Age occurred as Spain’s power and wealth grew
Art became popular; many poets and playwrights
Economic problems helped to bring Spain’s Golden Age to an end
Large amounts of gold and silver from the Americas contributed to high inflation (rise in the amount of money in use and in the price of goods)
Bought cheaper goods from other countries
Weakened navy could no longer protect Spain’s empire in the Americas – leads to challenges of power by other European countries

22. Chapter 3 New Empires in the Americas
Section 4
The Race for Empires

23. Early French Settlement
Huguenots built first official French North American settlement in Florida
Destroyed by Spanish
Explorations of Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain had given France right to claim Canada
Acadia – included what is now Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and part of Maine – temporary settlements; small trading communities and fishing villages
Great Lakes region valuable because of the fur trade
Used by Europeans to make expensive hats
Traded tools, jewelry and cloth to American Indians for furs
Montreal became a center for fur trade

24. The Expansion of the French Empire
Fur traders, explorers and missionaries began spreading out from Great Lakes region
Explorer Louis Jolliet and missionary Jacques Marquette set out to find the Mississippi River; traveled down it as far as present-day Arkansas
Rene-Robert de La Salle – followed Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico
Claim Mississippi Valley for King Louis XIV of France – named Louisiana
French called new territory New France
Small population and value of fur trade led them to ally with the Algonquian and Huron Indians; became enemies of the Iroquois

25. New Netherland and New Sweden
Dutch came in search of trade
Henry Hudson’s first voyage gave them claim to land between the Delaware and Hudson Rivers – New Netherland (included parts of present-day New Jersey, New York, Connecticut and Delaware)
Peter Minuit bought Manhattan from local natives – named New Amsterdam
To attract more settlers, Dutch West India Company allowed other Europeans in; practiced religious toleration (New Netherland)
Minuit helped Swedish settlers found New Sweden along the Delaware River
Swedish were among the first in North America to build log cabins
Dutch felt Swedish presence threatened Dutch land and fur trade; two sides fought, governor of New Netherland (Peter Stuyvesant) conquered New Sweden

26. English Settlements
England attempted to strengthen its claim to North America by sending expeditions to start colonies
First efforts by English to start colony failed – Sir Humphrey Gilbert given charter, but failed and drowned at sea
Sir Walter Raleigh paid for expedition that landed in present-day Virginia and North Carolina – he named area Virginia
Sent another group to start colony on Roanoke Island
Life hard, fought with local natives, trouble finding and growing food
Sir Francis Drake stopped on his way back from raid on New Spain, offered them a ride home

27. English Settlements (continued)
John White resettled Roanoke Colony
Granddaughter Virginia Dare was the first English child born in present-day U.S.
White returned to England at end of summer 1587; returned in 1590 – colony’s buildings still standing, but deserted
CROATAN – carved into a post
May have been the name of a nearby island inhabited by Natives