1. CIVILIZATION BEGINS IN MESOPOTAMIA (TWKO)
Mr. Wyka’s World History Honors
Citrus High School

2. After studying Chapter 2, you should be able to:
Explain the influence of geography in the rise (and fall) of the first cities and empires;
Describe the significance of religion;
List major sets of laws;
List characteristics of life in these societies;
Describe the effects of wars & conquests;
Identify the importance of early inventions.

3. When?
3000 B.C.
5000 years ago.
Roughly 7000 years after the last Ice Age.
Roughly 6500 years after the first temple complex was built in Göbekli Tepe, Turkey.
About 460 years before the Pyramid of Khufu completed.
If your direct descendant lived in this time, she would have been your (great x 140) grandmother.

4. Where?
The Fertile Crescent

5. The Impact of Geography
Mesopotamia is at the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent, an arc of land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf.

6. The Impact of Geography
Mesopotamia means “between the rivers”.
Mesopotamia is the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Although an arid region, these rivers often overflow, depositing silt, which makes the soil rich.
Mesopotamian civilization was one of history’s important early river valley civilizations.

7. The Impact of Geography
People in Mesopotamia developed a system of drainage ditches & irrigation works to harness the waters of the rivers and overcome the arid land.
The resulting large food supply made population growth possible.
Discussion question: What came first, the development and implementation of irrigation making large populations possible; OR a large population which would supplied the workforce necessary for such a large public works project

8. The Impact of Geography
Ancient Mesopotamia covered three general areas: Assyria, Akkad, and Sumer.
Over the course of millenia, Mesopotamian civilization involved many peoples.
The Sumerians developed the first Mesopotamian civilization (TWKO) in 3000 B.C.

9. The City States of Ancient Mesopotamia
By 3000 B.C. the Sumerians formed city-states centered around cities.
The cities of Ur and Uruk are principle examples.
City-states were the basic political unit of Sumerian civilization.
Each city-state was more or less independent with its own gods and king.
Gilgamesh & Enkidu slaying the Bull of Heaven sent by the godess Ishtar.

10. Gods of the Sumerians
Although each city had unique gods, there were several chief gods recognized by all Sumerian cities:
Anu the sky god was the chief.
Enlil the lord of storms.
Ishtar (or Inana) the morning & evening star – the goddess of fertility and love (and curiously, war).

11. Note the owls. Prefiguring Athena?
Gods of the Sumerians
Although the Sumerians worshipped Inana (Ishtar), she was evidently lower in status than the male gods, as seen in this Sumerian poem in which Inana complains to the god Enki (deity of crafts and water):
Me, the woman, why did you treat differently? Me, the holy Inana, where are my powers?
This shows an obvious decline in reverence for the Paleolithic / Neolithic earth goddess.
Note the owls. Prefiguring Athena?

12. The Impact of Geography
Mesopotamia means “between the rivers”.
Mesopotamia is the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Although an arid region, these rivers often overflow, depositing silt, which makes the soil rich.
Mesopotamian civilization was one of history’s important early river valley civilizations.

13. The City States of Ancient Mesopotamia
The temple was the most important building in each city.
Often built on top of a massive stepped tower – a ziggurat.
Building was done largely with mud bricks.
Sumerians invented the arch and the dome using mud bricks.
The Sumerian state was a theocracy – a government by divine authority.

14. The City States of Ancient Mesopotamia
Priests & priestesses were important religiously AND politically.
Early kings such as Gilgamesh, were considered priest-kings, who traced their authority to the divine.
The economy was principally agricultural.
Industry & trade were also important.
The wheel was invented (TWKO) around 3000 B.C. greatly enhancing trade and industry.

15. The City States of Ancient Mesopotamia
Sumerian city-states had three classes:
Nobles
Royal Family, officials, priests, principal warriors.
Commoners
Farmers, merchants, fishermen, craftsmen.
Around 90% of the people were farmers.
Slaves
Worked on large building projects, worked the farms of nobles, wove cloth.
Some were captured in battle. Some were born into slavery.

16. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia
Empire – large political unit that controls many peoples and territories.
The Akkadians lived north of the Sumerian city-states.
The Akkadians were a Semitic people – they spoke a Semitic language
The Sumerians were not Semitic. Their origins are a mystery.

17. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia
Around 2340 B.C., Sargon, king of the Akkadians, conquered the divided Sumerian city-states.
The world’s first empire (TWKO) .
The Sumerian civilization lasted roughly 660 years.
Around 2100 B.C. Amorites from Syria conquered Akkad and built a new state around the city of Babylon.
The Akkadian Empire last less than 400 years.
In 1792 B.C., Hammurabi of Babylon reunited the whole of Mesopotamia.
Sargon of Akkad

18. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia
Hammurabi giving his Law Code
The Law Code of Hammurabi
282 laws based on a system of strict justice.
Penalties were severe, based on the principal “an eye for an eye” and varied according to the social class of the victim.
The largest category within this code focused on marriage and family, showing the importance of marriage to the Babylonians as a cornerstone of society.
A significant feature of the code was that it was set up in a public place, seen by commoners and noble folk alike.

19. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia
Law Code of Hamurabi
Hammurabi’s code expresses the patriarchal nature of Mesopotamian society.
Women had fewer privileges and rights than men.
Enforced obedience of children to parents.
A father could cut off the hand of a son who had hit him, for example.

20. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia
Law Code of Hammurabi vs. U.S. Constitution
Hammurabi’s code was applied differently to different classes of people.
Where in the U.S. Constitution is this practice forbidden?

21. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia
Law Code of Hamurabi vs. U.S. Constitution
The Fourteenth Amendment calls for the “equal protection of the laws.”

22. The Importance of Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia
Life was harsh in the land between the rivers.
Flooding, droughts, storms, famines, pests in food supplies, disease.
Mesopotamians believed that the world was controlled by destructive supernatural forces and deities.
Polytheistic – believed in many deities.
Archaeologists have identified 3000 distinct gods.

23. The Importance of Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia
Human beings were created to serve and obey the gods and goddesses.
And by extension, their sovereigns on earth, the kings of Mesopotamia.
Although their were shared principal gods and goddesses, each city, village, and even home, had its own peculiar deity.
Enki of the Waters

24. The Creativity of the Sumerians
Invented cuneiform (wedge-shaped) writing.
Early Literature – The Epic of Gilgamesh.
Technology
Invented the wagon wheel.
Invented a number system based on 60
Made advances in geometry
Astronomy: Sumerians charted the constellations using their number system 60
What tool of measurement based on 60 do we use today?

25. The Creativity of the Sumerians
What tool of measurement based on 60 do we use today?
Watches and clocks measure time using a system of 60.
Spheres and circles are divided into 360 degrees, divisible by 60.