1. December 11, 2009 BReading Ch. 15 & 16 BFinal Exam date: TU, Dec. 15 Material covered: Ch. 13, 14, 15, 16 + movie Firefighters rescue boy with tongue stuck to post BOISE, Idaho — It’s become an annual winter tale: A young boy gets his tongue stuck to a metal pole, perhaps as the result of a dare. This year, the scene straight out of the movie “A Christmas Story” unfolded Tuesday morning in Boise with a boy of about 10. Boise firefighters used a glass of warm water to free the unidentified boy from the metal fence pole, according to the Idaho Statesman newspaper. Fire Capt. Bill Tinsley says the boy’s tongue was bleeding a little, but he was OK and allowed to continue walking to school. Rescue workers responded after a woman driving by saw the boy and called police dispatchers. Last year, the unlucky boy was a 10-year-old from Hammond, Indiana — especially apt, since the 1983 movie is set in a fictional city based on Hammond.

2. Cenozoic Climate BEarly greenhouse climate http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/ecol438/lect07.html http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/colloquia/20050121.htm http://www7430.nrlssc.navy.mil/7432/hydrates/background.htm BEocene warm peak Evidence  Oxygen isotopes  Leaf features  Cold water extinctions Cause  Methane hydrates

3. Cenozoic Climate http://tenmillionyearsofsolitude.blogspot.com/ http://web.me.com/uriarte/Earths_Climate/Oligocene.html http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G102/102ceno3.htm BRapid cooling during Eocene Ocean circulation  Antarctica split from Australia

4. Cenozoic Climate http://tenmillionyearsofsolitude.blogspot.com/ http://www.fettes.com/shetland/chronology.htm http://www.ianschumacher.com/global_warming.html http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/ecol438/lect07.html BPleistocene Ice Ages Milankovitch cycles

5. Effects of Glaciation BContinental drainage BIsostasy BSea level changes Land bridges* http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10h.html http://www.geology110.com/files/lecture13/html/web_data/file29.htm http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/levin/0471697435/chap_tut/chaps/chapter15-05.html

6. BMarine environment Gone: ammonites, rudistids New: sand dollars, nummulitids New: mammal predators http://www.westsussexgeology.co.uk/geologygroups.html http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/ASTR380/evolution09.html http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/levin/0471697435/chap_tut/chaps/chapter16-01.html Cenozoic Life (Age of Mammals)

7. Adaptive Radiation BTook <15 My! BWarm climate early Tree/forest  Lemur-like primates  Rodent-like animals Ground  Ungulates (hoofed)  Flightless birds http://www.avph.com.br/diatryma.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/443.shtml http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect13eosimias.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/588461/6907/Phenacodus-restoration-painting-by-Charles-R-Knight-1898 Diatryma Gomphos Eosimias Phenacodus

8. Mid-Cenozoic (Oligocene, Miocene) BChange of forests to grasses BChanges in mammals Hoofs prevalent Longer legs Larger eyes Teeth changes http://www.k12.de.us/warner/grasslands.html http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/ecol438/lect07.html http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/biodiversity/karen/page_15.htm http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/evolution/evol.proc.html Eocene elephant

9. http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/evolution/equidae/eocene.html Eocene Oligocene

10. Mammals: late Cenozoic (Pliocene, Pleistocene) BLots of large mammals Adaptation to cold?  Less surface area:volume BPleistocene extinction Affected large mammals in certain regions http://www.rocksandminerals.com/fossil/mammoth.htm

11. Late Pleistocene Extinction BRapid climate change Temperatures rising http://www.atlantisquest.com/Geotable.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/stoneage/megafauna.html http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/lp_extinction.html BHuman ‘overkill’ Human hunting

12. Evolution of Primates and Humans BPrimate features (60 mya) Larger brain Fewer specialized teeth Vision and grasping Prosimians Anthropoids BPrimate groups Prosimians (“before ape”)  Oldest lineage  Nocturnal (night vision)  Abundant in Eocene (37-58 mya) Anthropoids  Old World monkeys  New World monkeys  Hominoids (human ancestors) –Chimps, orangatans, gorillas

13. Evolution of Humans BHomonids Earliest fossil ~7mya  Ardipithecus ramidus Australopithecines BFeatures of hominids Brain size Bipedalism Reduced canine teeth, tool use BOrigin of Homo sapiens Out of Africa Multiregional T.D. White et al. (2009) Science 326:64