1. Covalent Bonding LO: Describe how electrons make a covalent bond (D) Explain what happens to form a covalent bond (C) Explain why a compound would have a high or low boiling point (B) Use the Rutherford model of the atom to explain why covalent bonds occur and represent them in a diagram. (A/A*) Starter Which are metals and non-metals out of… Na, Cl, Pb, H, N, S, Cu, Fe, C, Ba How do ionic bonds form ?

2. Ionic bonds are between Metal and Non-metal. Covalent bonds are for Non-metals. The atoms share electrons to get full electron orbits. What do atoms want ?

3. Drawing the atoms Draw the outer most ring. Fill in the electrons by placing them in UNPAIRED for the first 4 and then pair up for the rest. The number of UNPAIRED electrons tells you how many covalent bonds this atom can make. How do you know how many electrons are in the outer ring ?

4. Hydrogen Draw the Hydrogen atom. Say how many electrons it needs.

5. Covalent bonding

6. Fluorine Draw a dot and cross diagram for the molecule of Fluorine F 2 Explain in no more than 2 sentences why Fluorine will form a diatomic molecule (a molecule with 2 atoms in it)

7. Covalent bonding

8. A covalent molecule can form more than one bond with another atom.

9. Oxygen Draw a dot and cross diagram for the oxygen molecule O 2 Don’t forget how many electrons are needed in the outer ring. Also remember that you don’t need to draw any inner rings.

10. We can represent covalent bonds in a number of ways…

11. Water

12. Covalent bonding

13. Draw these covalent compounds HCl NH 3 CH 4 PCl 3 CO 2

14. Make these models HCl H2OH2O CH 4 C2H6C2H6 CO 2 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Chlorine Single bond Double bond

16. Sharing electrons