1. Unit 1- Units and Measurement Chemistry

2. Scientific Notation, Measurement, Accuracy, Precision, Error

3. Scientific Notation M x 10 n M is the coefficient 1<M<10 10 is the base n is the exponent or power of 10 n is positive if number is greater 1 n is negative if number is less 1

4. Scientific Notation Write the following in scientific notation: 5450000 = 0.0002570 =

5. Limits of Measurement Accuracy and Precision Uncertainty Exact Numbers vs. Inexact

6. Accuracy - a measure of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured.

7. Example: Accuracy Who is more accurate when measuring a book that has a true length of 17.0cm? Susan: 17.0cm, 16.0cm, 18.0cm, 15.0cm Amy: 15.5cm, 15.0cm, 15.2cm, 15.3cm

8. Precision – a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another. A measure of how exact a measurement is.

9. Example: Precision Who is more precise when measuring the same 17.0cm book? Susan: 17.0cm, 16.0cm, 18.0cm, 15.0cm Amy: 15.5cm, 15.0cm, 15.2cm, 15.3cm

10. Example: Evaluate whether the following are precise, accurate or both.

11. Error Error= experimental –accepted value

12. Percent Error % Error= |experimental –accepted| x100 accepted value

13. Significant Figures The significant figures in a measurement include all of the digits that are known, plus one last digit that is estimated. Uncertainty-

14. Centimeters and Millimeters

15. The last (farthest to the right) significant figure in a measured quantity always has some associated uncertainty. The minimum uncertainty is ± 1 in the last digit

16. Graduated Cylinder - Meniscus

18. Reading Scales to the Correct Significant Figures Uncertainty?

19. Reading Scales to Correct Significant Figures

20. Reading Scales to Correct Significant Figures Uncertainty?

21. Rules for Counting Significant Figures All nonzero digits are significant. (42 has 2 sf’s.) Zeros in the middle of a number are significant. (4.803 cm has 4 sf’s.) Leading zeros are not significant; they are there to locate the decimal point. (0.00123 g has three sf’s.)  Trailing zeros are significant if the number contains a decimal point. (55.220 K has five sf’s; 50.0 mg has three sf’s, 5.100 × 10-3 has four sf’s.) Trailing zeros are not significant if the number does not contain a decimal. (34,200 m has three sf’s.)

22. How many sig figs? 100 kg 0.000303 mm 10302.00 cm92,900,000 km 0.001L6.02 x 10 23 atoms 10302 m0.0205 m 1.0302x10 4 ms2.05 x 10 -2 m 1010.010 g

23. Sig Figs in Addition/Subtraction The result has the same number of decimal places as the number in the operation with the least decimal places. Ex: 2.33 cm +3.0 cm 5.3 cm

24. Sig Figs in Multiplication/Division The answer has the same sig figs as the factor with the least sig figs. Ex: 3.22 cm x 2.0 cm 6.4 cm 2

25. Measured Numbers vs. Exact Numbers Exact numbers are values that are known exactly (3 atoms = 3.00000…atoms) or that are true by definition: 12 inches = 1foot, 60 s = 1 min, 5280 feet = 1 mile, 100 cm = 1m, 2.54 cm = 1 inch, etc. All inexact or measured numbers will have some limit to how precisely they are known, and there is a limit to the number of significant digits contained in the number.