1. CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Sector Version 2, April 2012 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

2. Target Audience and Objective of the Training Materials These training materials are suitable for people with beginner to intermediate level knowledge of national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory development. After having read this Presentation, in combination with the related documentation, the reader should: a)Have an overview of how emissions inventories are developed for the land use, land-use change and forestry sector; b)Have a general understanding of the methods available, as well as of the main challenges of GHG inventory development in that particular area; c)Be able to determine which methods suits their country’s situation best; d)Know where to find more detailed information on the topic discussed. These training materials have been developed primarily on the basis of methodologies developed by the IPCC; hence the reader is always encouraged to refer to the original documents to obtain further detailed information on a particular issue. 2 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

3. Acronyms ADActivity Data AGRAnnual Growth Rate EFEmission Factor EFDBIPCC Emission Factor Database GPGGood Practice Guidance LUCFLand-Use Change and Forestry LULUCFLand Use, land-Use Change and Forestry RFRemoval Factor 3 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

4.  Introduction (slide 5)  Definitions (slide 6)  Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (slide 10)  IPCC good practice guidance for LULUCF (GPG 2003) (slide 36) Outline of Course – Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) 4 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

5. This presentation aims to assist non-Annex I (NAI) Party experts in preparing GHG inventories in the LULUCF sector using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the IPCC good practice guidance for LULUCF (GPG 2003), particularly in the context of UNFCCC decision 17/CP.8, focusing on: a)The need to shift to GPG 2003 and higher tiers/methods to reduce uncertainty b)Overview of the tools and methods c)Review of activity data (AD) and emission factors (EF) and options to reduce uncertainty d)Use of UNFCCC inventory software and IPCC emission factor database (EFDB). Introduction 5 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

6. LUCF (Land-Use Change and Forestry) – Land use is the type of activity being carried out on a unit of land, such as forest land, cropland and grassland. The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines refer to sources and sinks associated with GHG emissions/removals from human activities, which: a)Change the way land is used (e.g., clearing of forest for agriculture, conversion of grassland to forest) b)Affect the amount of biomass in existing biomass stocks (e.g., forest, village trees, savanna) and soil carbon stocks. LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) – This includes GHG emissions/removals resulting from managed land (involving no change in use, such as forest remaining forest land) and land-use changes (involving changes in land-use, such as grassland converted to forest land or forest land converted to cropland). Definition of Key Terms 6 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

7. Source – Any process or activity that releases a GHG (such as CO 2 and CH 4 ) into the atmosphere. A carbon pool can be a source of carbon to the atmosphere if less carbon is flowing into it than is flowing out of it. Sink – Any process, activity or mechanism that removes a GHG from the atmosphere. A given pool can be a sink for atmospheric carbon if during a given time interval more carbon is flowing into it than is flowing out of it. Definitions (cont.) 7 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

8. Activity data – Data on the magnitude of human activity, resulting in emissions/removals taking place during a given period of time (e.g., data on land area, management systems, lime and fertilizer use). Emission factor – A coefficient that relates the activity data to the amount of chemical compound, which is the source of later emissions. Emission/removal factors are often based on a sample of measurement data, averaged to develop a representative rate of emission or removal for a given activity level under a given set of operating conditions. Removal factor – Rate at which carbon is taken up from the atmosphere by a terrestrial system and sequestered in biomass and soil. Definitions (cont.) 8 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

9. Contribution and Role of LUCF Sector to NAI GHG Emissions: 3 examples Argentina, Indonesia and Zimbabwe for 1994 LUCF sector has a significant impact on national net CO 2 equivalent emissions in most developing countries, being sink or source LUCF sector is a net sink for Argentina and Zimbabwe Net source for Indonesia, which experienced forest land conversion of over one Mha Inclusion of LUCF sector in the inventory had the following impact on GHG emissions: a)Argentina: Emissions of 119 Tg CO 2 when LUCF excluded, but 84 TgCO 2 when LUCF included b)Indonesia: Emissions of 189 Tg CO 2 when LUCF excluded, but 344 Tg CO 2 when LUCF included. c)Zimbabwe: Source of 17 Tg CO 2 when LUCF excluded, but a net sink of 45 TgCO 2 when LUCF included. 9 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

10. The flux of CO 2 to/from atmosphere is assumed to be equal to changes in carbon stocks in existing biomass and soils Changes in carbon stocks can be estimated by establishing rates of change in land use and practices that bring about change in land use Estimating carbon stocks in land-use categories: That are not subjected to change That are changed. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Basic assumptions 10 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

11. Four Default Categories in Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines 5A.Changes in forest and other woody biomass stocks due to: a)Commercial management b)Harvest of industrial roundwood (logs) and fuelwood c)Establishment and operation of forest plantations d)Planting of trees in urban, village and non-forest locations. 5B.Forest and grassland conversion: a)The conversion of forests and grassland to pasture, cropland etc, can significantly change carbon stocks in vegetation and soil. 5C.Abandonment of cropland, pasture, plantation forests, or other managed lands 5D.CO 2 emissions and removals from soils: a)Cultivation of mineral soils b)Cultivation of organic soils c)Liming of agricultural soils. 11 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

12. Reporting of GHG Inventory in the LUCF Sector – Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines 12 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

13. Basic Steps in Preparing Inventory Using Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Step 0: The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines do not provide a key category analysis approach. Inventory experts are encouraged to conduct it using GPG 2003. Step 1: Select the land-use categories (forest/plantations), vegetation types subjected to conversion (forest and grassland), changes in land-use/management systems (for soil carbon inventory). Step 2: Assemble the required AD, depending on tier selected, from local, provincial, national and global databases, including EFDB. 13 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

14. Step 3: Collect EF/RF, depending on tier level selected, from local/regional/national/global databases, including EFDB. Step 4: Estimate GHG emissions and removals. Step 5: Estimate uncertainty involved. Step 6: Report GHG emissions/removals. Step 7: Report all procedures, equations and sources of data used for GHG inventory estimation. Basic Steps in Preparing Inventory Using Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (cont.) 14 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

15. Step 1: Estimate total biomass carbon uptake by using area under different plantations/forests (AD) and annual biomass growth rate (removal factor). Step 2: Estimate total biomass consumption by adding commercial harvest, fuelwood consumption and other wood use. Step 3: Estimate the net carbon uptake or release by deducting the consumption or loss from total biomass carbon uptake. Category 5A. Steps 15 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

16. Sources of AD 16 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

17. The key emission/removal factors include: annual biomass growth rate, carbon fraction of dry matter, biomass expansion ratio. Biomass Expansion Ratios (BERs) as given in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines are required to convert commercial roundwood harvested biomass (in m 3 ) to total above-ground biomass (in tonnes). Similarly, AGB/BGB ratio is required to estimate BGB using data on AGB and the conversion ratio, according to GPG 2003. Emission/Removal Factors 17 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

18. Sources of EF/RF 18 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

19. Assessment of Emission Factors and Strategy for Improvement To reduce uncertainty, it is desirable to use nationally derived AD and EF at as disaggregated level as possible. Example: Annual Growth Rate (AGR) of biomass is mean annual above-ground biomass growth rate expressed in t/ha/year. AGR varies with: Forest or vegetation or plantation types (e.g. evergreen/deciduous/eucalyptus) Climatic region based on latitude and rainfall (e.g. humid, sub-humid, semi-arid, arid) Age of the forest or plantation stand Management system or silvicultural practice (e.g. thinning, fertilizer application, fire management). 19 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

20. Short-term Strategy for Improving AGR Values Disaggregate the land use, forest or vegetation types occurring in the country at as fine a level as possible along the following lines or using other more nationally relevant stratification: Different forest types/vegetation types/plantations Latitude: tropical, temperate, boreal Rainfall zone (mm/yr): humid (>2000), semiarid (500–1000), arid (<500) Age of the stand: 0–5 yr, 5 to 10 yr, 10–20 yr, > 20yr Management system: naturally regenerated or planted Other category. Allocate area of different forest types/plantations in the country, using forest map, rainfall zone map, soil map and other statistical information. 20 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

21. Illustration of UNFCCC Inventory Software – Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines 21 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Total carbon uptake increment (in kt C) = Area of forest/plantation category (in kha) * Annual growth rate (in t dm/ha) * Carbon fraction of dry matter From UNFCCC Software Sheet 5-1s1

22. Category 5B. Forest and Grassland Conversion Worksheet 5.2 22 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

23. Category 5B. Steps Step 1: Estimate annual loss of biomass due to conversion. Step 2: Estimate quantity of carbon released from fraction of biomass burned on- site. Step 3: Estimate quantity of carbon released from fraction of biomass burned off- site. Step 4: Estimate carbon released from decay of above-ground biomass. Step 5: Estimate total annual CO 2 release from burning and decay of biomass, resulting from forest and grassland conversion. 23 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

24. Issues in Estimating CO 2 Emissions from Biomass – Forest and Grassland Conversion Lack of compatibility between Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines vegetation types and national circumstances or classification Absence of forest and grassland conversion data for the inventory year as well as the 10-year average Lack of methods for savanna/grassland burning Lack of disaggregated activity data on biomass stock before and after conversion Lack of clarity on fraction of biomass burnt on-site, off-site and left to decay Biomass burned for energy is reported in the energy sector. 24 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

25. Sources of AD 25 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

26. Sources of EF 26 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

27. Category 5C. Abandonment of Managed Lands Worksheet 5-4 27 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

28. Category 5C. Steps Estimation Procedure Step 1: Estimate the annual carbon uptake in above-ground biomass, using the area abandoned (during the previous 20 years) and annual biomass growth. Step 2: Estimate the total carbon uptake from area abandoned (during 20–100 years) and annual growth rate. Step 3: Estimate the total carbon uptake from abandoned land (Step 1 + Step 2). 28 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

29. Issues in Estimating CO 2 Uptake from Abandonment of Managed Lands Lack of compatibility between vegetation types given in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and national classification for abandoned land Lack of methods to identify managed land abandoned and regenerating: according to different vegetation types for the past 20 years and 20–100 years Absence of annual data for aboveground biomass growth for abandoned land: according to different vegetation types for the past 20 years and 20–100 years. 29 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

30. Category 5D. CO 2 Emissions and Removals from Soils Worksheet 5-5 30 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

31. Category 5D. Steps Step 1: Changes in soil carbon for mineral soils. Step 2: Carbon emissions from intensively managed organic soils. Step 3: Carbon emissions from liming of agricultural soils. 31 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

32. Methodological and Data Related Issues on Soil Carbon Absence of linkage between biomass carbon and soil carbon for different land categories or vegetation types Ambiguity in classification of land-use/management systems, and soil types Absence of activity data on land area under different conditions: land-use/management systems soil type for periods t (inventory year), and t–20 intensively managed organic soils Absence of emission factors such as soil carbon in mineral soils and annual loss rate of carbon in managed organic soils. 32 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

33. Sources of AD 33 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

34. Sources of Emission/Removal Factors 34 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

35. Summary of Methodological Issues/Problems in GHG Inventory Using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Compatibility of Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines land categories to national classification High uncertainty of inventory, AD and EF Lack of disaggregated data, particularly on vegetation types Lack of clarity for reporting estimates of emissions/removals in managed natural forest Lack of consistency in estimating/reporting total biomass or only above-ground biomass Lack of methods for below-ground biomass and for incorporating non-forest areas, such as coffee, tea, coconut, cashew nut Difficulty in differentiating managed (anthropogenically impacted) and natural forests Ambiguity in terminology, e.g. forest, afforestation, reforestation, managed forest Complexity of the methodology. 35 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

36. Land-Use Categories and Methods 36 GPG 2003 LULUCF Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

37. Mapping/Linkage Between the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and GPG2003 GPG 2003 is based on a land-use category approach, and provides a procedure to link inventory estimates of GPG 2003 to the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, based on Categories 5A to 5D. However, the inventory estimates obtained using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines could be different from the estimates obtained using GPG 2003 due to the following reasons: Inclusion of additional land categories, e.g. agro-forestry, coconut, coffee, tea Inclusion of additional carbon pools; belowground biomass, dead organic matter, etc. Estimation of biomass increment and losses in each land category, sub-category Linking of biomass and soil carbon for each land category Use of improved default values. 37 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

38. Reporting of GHG Inventory in the LULUCF Sector – GPG2003 38 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

39. GPG2003 adopted two major advances over the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The first is: 1.Three hierarchical tiers of methods: T1: use of default data and simple equations T2: use of country-specific data and T3: models to accommodate national circumstances. GPG2003 - Major Advancements: 1 39 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

40. Rationale for Adopting GPG2003 40 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

41. Combination of Tiers NAI experts can adopt multiple tiers in the GHG inventory for LULUCF sector: For different land-use categories Within a given land-use category for different carbon pools Within a carbon pool, for activity data and emission factor. Adopt higher tiers for key categories and wherever possible use country- specific, climatic region-specific emission/removal factors 41 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

42. GPG 2003 - Major Advancements: 2 2. Land-use-category-based approach for organizing methodologies: Six land-use categories to ensure consistent representation, covering all geographic areas of a country Forest land, cropland, grassland, wetland, settlements and other lands Each land-use category is further disaggregated to reflect the past and the current land use: Forest land remaining forest land Lands converted to forest land. 42 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

43. In addition GPG 2003 includes Key Source/Sink Category Analysis GPG 2003 assists Parties in identifying the key: Land categories (e.g. forest land, cropland, etc.) Gases (CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O) Carbon pools (living biomass, dead organic matter and soil organic carbon). The decision trees given in GPG 2003 could be adopted: Decision trees at two levels of disaggregation: Land remaining in the same land-use category (e.g. forest land remaining forest land) Land converted to another land-use category (e.g. grassland converted to forest). 43 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

44. 44 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

45. Forest land: all land with woody vegetation consistent with thresholds used to define forest land in the national GHG inventory, sub-divided into managed and unmanaged, and also by ecosystem type as specified in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Also includes systems with vegetation that fall below, but are expected to exceed, the threshold of the forest land category. Cropland: land that is not forest land or grassland. (Arable and tillage land, and agro- forestry systems where woody vegetation falls below the thresholds used for the forest land). Definitions of Land-Use Categories in GPG 2003 45 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

46. Definitions (cont.) Grassland: rangelands and pasture land that is not forest land or cropland. (Pasture lands with woody vegetation below the threshold used in the forest land category and not expected to exceed it without human intervention are included). Settlements: all developed land, including transportation infrastructure and human settlements of any size, unless they are already included under other categories. This should be consistent with the selection of national definitions. 46 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

47. Definitions (cont.) Wetland: land covered or saturated by water for all or part of the year and that does not fall into the forest land, cropland, grassland or settlements categories. Other lands: includes bare soil, rock, ice, and all unmanaged land areas that do not fall into any of the other five categories. It allows the total of identified land areas to match the national area, where data are available. 47 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

48. Important… Classify land under only one category to prevent double counting. It is good practice to combine or disaggregate the existing land classes of a land-use classification in order to use the categories presented here, and to report on the procedure adopted. It is good practice to specify national definitions for all categories used in the inventory and report any threshold or parameter values used in the definitions. 48 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

49. Other Categories Harvested wood products (HWP), wetlands and other sources/sinks Default assumption of Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines is that: HWP pool is constant. So carbon removed in wood and other biomass from forests is oxidized in the year of harvest Countries may report on HWP pools, if they can document that existing stocks of forest products are in fact increasing GPG2003-Appendix provides guidance on methodological issues for accounting emissions and removals from HWP. 49 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

50. Land Representation is Key: 3 Approaches in GPG 2003 Approach 1: 50 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

51. Approach 2 51 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

52. Approach 3: Spacially Explicit (GIS required) 52 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

53. 53 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

54. 54 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

55. 55 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

56. 56 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

57. CO 2 emissions and removal are estimated for all the carbon pools namely: Aboveground biomass (AB) Belowground biomass (BB) Soil organic carbon (SOC) Dead organic matter (DOM) and woody litter (L) Carbon Pools 57 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

58. Non-CO 2 gases estimated include: CH 4, N 2 O, CO and NO x Sources of non-CO 2 gases: N 2 O and CH 4 from forest fires N 2 O from managed (fertilized) forests N 2 O from drainage of forest soils N 2 O and CH 4 from managed wetland Soil emissions of N 2 O from land-use conversion. Non-CO 2 Gases and Sources of Non-CO 2 Gases 58 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

59. Broad Approach and Steps in Adopting GPG 2003 Accounts for all land-use categories and subcategories, all carbon pools and non- CO 2 gases, depending on key source/sink category analysis Select nationally adopted land-use classification system (categories and sub- categories) for inventory estimation. Each land category is further subdivided into: Land remaining in the same category (e.g. forest land remaining forest land) Other land category converted to this land category (e.g. grassland converted to forest land). 59 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

60. Broad Approach and Steps in Adopting GPG 2003 (cont.) Select appropriate land classification system most relevant to country Conduct key source/sink category analysis to identify the key: Land categories and subcategories Non-CO 2 gases Carbon pools. 60 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

61. 1.Select appropriate tier level for key land categories and sub-categories, non-CO 2 gases and carbon pools, based on key category analysis as well as resources available for the inventory process. 2.Assemble required AD, depending on tier selected, from regional, national and global databases. 3.Collect EF/RF, depending on tier selected, from regional, national and global databases, forest inventories, national greenhouse gas inventory studies, field experiments and surveys and use of EFDB. Steps to Adopting GPG 2003 61 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

62. 4.Select method of estimation, based on tier level selected, quantify emissions/removals for each land-use category, carbon pool and non-CO 2 gas. Adopt default worksheet provided in GPG2003. 5.Estimate uncertainty. 6.Adopt quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures and report results. 7.Report GHG emissions and removals using the reporting tables. 8.Document and archive all information used. Steps to Adopting GPG 2003 62 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

63. Features of Land-category-based Approach – Forest Land Estimates carbon stock changes and GHG emissions/removals associated with changes in biomass and soil organic carbon on forest land and lands converted to forest land: Forest land remaining forest Land converted to forest Provides methodology for five carbon pools Links biomass and soil carbon pools for the same land areas (at higher tiers). 63 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

64. 64 Where: ΔC FFLB = annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass (includes above- and belowground biomass) in forest land remaining forest land, tonnes C yr -1 C t2 = total carbon in biomass calculated at time t2, tonnes C C t1 = total carbon in biomass calculated at time t1, tonnes C V = merchantable volume, m3 ha -1 D = basic wood density, tonnes d.m. m -3 merchantable volume BEF2 = biomass expansion factor for conversion of merchantable volume to aboveground tree biomass, dimensionless. Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

65. Features of Land-category-based Approach – Cropland Provides methods for estimating carbon stock changes in living biomass, mineral soils and in organic soils Provides methods for estimating annual N 2 O emissions from mineral soils due to addition of nitogen (in the form of fertilizer, manure and crop residue) and nitrogen released by soil organic matter mineralization These categories are estimated and reported in the agriculture sector in Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. 65 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

66. Features of Land-category-based Approach – Grassland Methodology for estimating carbon stock changes in living biomass and soils in grassland and lands converted to grassland Estimates annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass and soil organic carbon (mineral soils and cultivated organic soils) in grassland remaining grassland and lands converted to grassland Methodology for estimating non-CO 2 emissions from vegetation fires based on: area of grassland burned, mass of available fuel, combustion efficiency and emission factor for each GHG from grassland remaining grassland and land converted to grassland. 66 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

67. Features of Land-category-based Approach – Wetlands The GHGs estimated include CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O Methodology for estimating GHGs for ‘wetlands remaining wetlands’ is given in the Appendix and for GHGs from ‘lands converted to wetlands’ in the main text Estimates changes in carbon stocks in lands converted to wetlands due to peat extraction and land converted to flooded land Estimates N 2 O emissions from peatland drainage and flooded land and CH 4 emissions from flooded land. 67 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

68. Features of Land-category-based Approach – Settlements and Other Land Settlements: Provides methodology for estimating CO 2 emissions and removals for ‘lands converted to settlements’ and methodology is given in Appendix for ‘settlements remaining settlements’ Methods for estimating annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass in ‘forest lands converted to settlements’ based on area of land converted and carbon stock in living biomass immediately before and after conversion to settlements. Other land: Changes in carbon stocks and non-CO 2 emissions/removals need not be assessed for category of ‘other land remaining other land’ Methodology provided for estimating annual change in carbon stocks in ‘land converted to other land’ based on estimates of change in carbon stocks in living biomass and SOC. 68 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

69. Improvements for the Future Non-Annex I Parties may have to: Initiate dedicated inventory programmes Provide infrastructural and technical support for sustained inventory process. This may involve: Organizing periodic forest inventories Use of satellite or remote-sensing-based land-use maps Development of nationally relevant emission/removal factors. It is likely that many NAI Parties lack resources needed to initiate satellite- based monitoring: Obtain satellite maps from institutions such as FAO, UNEP and NASA and undertake ground truthing. 69 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

70. Short-term Strategy… Check Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, GPG 2003, EFDB and other global sources and select the closest default values Check whether any national forest inventory studies are available (many NAI Parties have them) and collect the growth rate data Review the national and international literature (web sites of FAO, CGIAR centres, universities, books and reports) Compile all the parameter values available from national and international sources for the disaggregated or stratified forest/plantation types Select the most appropriate AGR for each stratum of the forest/plantation types. 70 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

71. Long-term Strategy for Improving AGR Values Initiate national forest inventory studies Disaggregate/stratify the forest/plantation types Adopt sampling technique as explained in GPG2003 (Chapter 3 and 4) Adopt permanent plots with proper boundaries marked for periodic revisits Refer to any text book on ‘forest mensuration’ or web sites such as www.winrock.org, www.cifor.org, etc., for methods of measurement and estimation www.winrock.orgwww.cifor.org Estimate the standard deviation or variance. 71 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

72. Comparing Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and GPG 2003 72 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

73. Comparison of GPG 2003 and the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines 73 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

74. Key Activity Data Required for GPG 2003 and Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines 74 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

75. Key Emission Factors Required for GPG 2003 and Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Emission factors common to both: Aboveground biomass growth rate, biomass density Aboveground biomass stock, soil carbon density Fraction of biomass left to decay. 75 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

76. Conclusion and Strategy for the Future 76 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

77. NAI experts and compilation and synthesis reports by UNFCCC have identified a number of issues and problems in using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, including: Lack of clarity in the methods and inadequacies of the methods Lack of AD and EF Low quality or reliability of AD and EF High uncertainty of AD and EF, leading to uncertainty in inventory estimates Unsuitability. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines 77 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

78. GPG 2003 GPG 2003 was intended to overcome some of the methodological issues/problems identified in using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines a)Suggests methods to reduce uncertainty b)Suggests an improved land category and full carbon (and non-CO 2 gases) estimation based approach and methods. Adoption of GPG 2003 approach will lead to: Full and consistent representation, consideration and reporting of all land categories Full carbon (all 5 carbon pools) estimation Reduced uncertainty Efficient use of limited inventory resources. 78 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

79. Thank you! Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)