1. COM and DCOM CS 562 February 27, 2001

2. Motivation Data Analyzer Resource Monitor int compute (…) { } int compute (…) { } Data Analyzer int compute (…) { } Resource Monitor int compute (…) { } Dynamically Linked Library int compute (…) { }

3. Distributed Objects Object locator [registry] Communication –Data typing [interface] –Data representation [marshaling] –Synchronous/Asynchronous State persistence System properties: Security, reliability, availability

4. Architecture ClientServer Client Application Object Implementation Proxy Stub Channel Client Application contains code to access functionality from an object Server may run on same “local” machine, or “remote” machine Registry

5. COM Basics Component Object Model (COM) COM is a specification that describes: –What an object is –How an object can manage itself over its lifetime –How it tells the outside world what it can do COM is a binary specification, not a language –Java, C++, VB, C

6. COM object A COM class defines the implementation of one or more interfaces A COM object is instantiated from a COM class A Client application accesses a COM object through interface pointers Client ApplicationCOM object interface pointer

7. Interfaces List of functions –name –parameters –return type A COM object can implement multiple interfaces Once a COM interface is published it can never change

8. IUnknown interface IUnknown { HRESULT QueryInterface (REFIID iid, void **ppvObject); ULONG AddRef (); ULONG Release (); } The ancestor of all Interfaces All COM objects must support this interface –Provides reference counting for each interface –Allows clients to locate appropriate interface

9. Registration of COM objects Interface ID (IID) –128 bits. Statistically “Unique” Excel Worksheet –00030000-0000-0000-C000-000000000046 System Registry maintains all information –regsvr32.exe

10. regedit utility

11. COM IUnknown interface IUnknown { HRESULT QueryInterface ([in] REFIID iid, [out] void **ppvObject); ULONG AddRef (); ULONG Release (); } pInterface pQueryInterface pAddRef pRelease Interface QueryInterface (…) AddRef () Release () Object IUnknown COM Component VTable IUnknown IAnother IOneMore

12. ISum example pQueryInterface pAddRef pRelease VTable QueryInterface (…) AddRef () Release () Object IUnknown ISum IUnknown COM Component ISum pSum Sum () pInterface

13. ISum example ULONG MiniCalc::AddRef() { return ++m_cRef; } ULONG MiniCalc ::Release() { if (--m_cRef != 0) return m_cRef; delete this; return 0; } HRESULT MiniCalc::QueryInterface (REFIID riid, void** ppv) { if (riid == IID_IUnknown) { *ppv = (IUnknown*) this; } else if (riid == IID_ISum) { *ppv = (ISum*)this; } else { *ppv = NULL; return E_NOINTERFACE; } AddRef(); return S_OK; } HRESULT MiniCalc ::Sum(int x, int y, int* retval) { *retval = x + y; return S_OK; } class ISum : public IUnknown { public: virtual HRESULT Sum (int x, int y, int *retval) = 0; }; class MiniCalc : public ISum { public: // IUnknown ULONG AddRef(); ULONG Release(); HRESULT QueryInterface(REFIID iid, void** ppv); // ISum HRESULT Sum(int x, int y, int* retval); MiniCalc() : m_cRef(1) { } ~MiniCalc () {} private: ULONG m_cRef; };

14. Implementing Interfaces in C++ Multiple Inheritance Containment Aggregation IUnknown COM Component IMultiplyISum [ object, uuid(10000001-0000-0000-0000-000000000001) ] interface ISum : IUnknown { HRESULT Sum(int x, int y, [out, retval] int* retval); } [ object, uuid(10000011-0000-0000-0000-000000000001) ] interface IMultiply : IUnknown { HRESULT Multiply(int x, int y, [out, retval] int* retval); }

15. Multiple Inheritance class ISum : public IUnknown { public: virtual HRESULT Sum (int x, int y, int *retval) = 0; }; class IMultiply : public IUnknown { public: virtual HRESULT Multiply (int x, int y, int *retval) = 0; }; class MandS : public ISum, IMultiply { public: // IUnknown HRESULT QueryInterface(REFIID tiid, void **ppvObject); ULONG AddRef(); ULONG Release(); // Isum HRESULT Sum (int x, int y, int *retval); // IMultiply HRESULT Multiply (int x, int y, int *retval); private: ULONG m_cRefs; } MandS() : m_cRef(1) {} ~MandS() {} ULONG MandS ::AddRef() { return ++m_cRef; } ULONG MandS ::Release() { if(--m_cRef != 0) return m_cRef; delete this; return 0; } HRESULT MandS::QueryInterface(REFIID riid, void** ppv) { if (riid == IID_IUnknown) { *ppv = (IUnknown *) this; } else if (riid == IID_ISum) { *ppv = (Isum *) this; } else if (riid == IID_IMultiply) { *ppv = (Imultiply *) this; } else { *ppv = NULL; return E_NOINTERFACE; } AddRef(); return S_OK; } Reference Counting on Object Level! Not on interface Level

16. const CLSID CLSID_Container = {0x10000012,0x0000,0x0000,{0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01}}; class Container : public IMultiply, ISum { public: // IUnknown HRESULT QueryInterface(REFIID tiid, void **ppvObject); ULONG AddRef(); ULONG Release(); // IMultiply HRESULT Multiply (int x, int y, int *retval); // ISum HRESULT Sum (int x, int y, int *retval); HResult Init(); private: ULONG m_cRef; ISum *m_pSum; } Container::Container() : m_cRef(1), m_pSum(NULL) {} Container::~Container() { m_pSum->Release(); } HRESULT Container::Init() { return CoCreateInstance(CLSID_Container, NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, IID_ISum, (void**)&m_pSum); } HRESULT Container::Sum(int x, int y, int* retval) { return m_pSum->Sum(x, y, retval); } HRESULT Container::Multiply(int x, int y, int* retval) { *retval = x * y; return S_OK; } ULONG Container::AddRef() { return ++m_cRef; } ULONG Container::Release() { if (--m_cRef != 0) return m_cRef; delete this; return 0; } Containment IUnknown ISumIMultiply ISum

17. const CLSID CLSID_ Aggregator = {0x10000022,0x0000,0x0000,{0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01}}; class Aggregator : public IMultiply { public: // IUnknown HRESULT QueryInterface(REFIID tiid, void **ppvObject); ULONG AddRef(); ULONG Release(); // IMultiply HRESULT Multiply (int x, int y, int *retval); Aggregator(); ~Aggregator(); HResult Init(); private: ULONG m_cRef; IUnknown* m_pUnknownInner; } Aggregator::Aggregator() : m_cRef(1) {} Aggregator::~Aggregator() { m_pUnknownInner->Release(); } HRESULT Aggregator::Init() { return CoCreateInstance(CLSID_Aggregator, (IUnknown*)this, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, IID_IUnknown, (void**)&m_pUnknownInner); } HRESULT Aggregator ::Sum(int x, int y, int* retval) { return m_pSum->Sum(x, y, retval); } HRESULT Aggregator ::Multiply(int x, int y, int* retval) { *retval = x * y; return S_OK; } Aggregation HRESULT CAggregator::QueryInterface(REFIID riid, void** ppv) { if (riid == IID_IUnknown) { *ppv = (IUnknown*)this; } else if (riid == IID_ISum) { return m_pUnknownInner->QueryInterface(riid, ppv); } else if(riid == IID_IMultiply) { *ppv = (IMultiply*)this; } else { *ppv = NULL; return E_NOINTERFACE; } AddRef(); return S_OK; } IUnknown IMultiplyISum IUnknown Knows ISum and IMultiply

18. Reference counts A COM object must remember which of its interfaces are being used –once refcount = 0, interface is no longer being used –once all refcounts = 0 for all interfaces supported by an object, it can be shutdown Client code must be disciplined –when making a copy of an interface pointer, must manually increment refcount –when finished with an interface, must manually decrement refcount

19. Accessing COM objects const CLSID CLSID_Container = {0x10000012,0x0000,0x0000,{0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01}}; main () { IMultiply* pMultiply; CoInitialize(NULL); // Get COM started CoCreateInstance(CLSID_Container, // [in]RCLSID NULL,// [in]Outer Object (if any) CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,// [in]Access Context IID_IMultiply, // [in] RIID (of desired interface) (void**) &pMultiply);// [out] Interface Pointer int multiply; hr = pMultiply->Multiply(4, 3, &multiply); if(SUCCEEDED(hr)) { // process }

20. Accessing interfaces using interface pointer // use existing interface pointer to locate other interface pointer ISum* pSum; pMultiply->QueryInterface(IID_ISum, (void**) &pSum); int sum; hr = pSum->Sum(4, 3, &sum); if(SUCCEEDED(hr)) { // process } hr = pMultiply->Release(); hr = pSum->Release(); CoUninitialize(); } Responsibility of QueryInterface

21. Class Factory const CLSID CLSID_ Factory = {0x10000032,0x0000,0x0000,{0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01}}; class CFactory : public IClassFactory { public: // IUnknown HRESULT QueryInterface(REFIID tiid, void **ppvObject); ULONG AddRef(); ULONG Release(); // IClassFactory HRESULT CreateInstance(IUnknown *pUnknownOuter, REFIID iid, void** ppv); HRESULT LockServer(BOOL bLock); CFactory() : m_cRef(1) { } ~CFactory() { } private: ULONG m_cRef; }; ULONG CFactory::AddRef() { return ++m_cRef; } ULONG CFactory::Release() { if (--m_cRef != 0) return m_cRef; delete this; return 0; } HRESULT CFactory::QueryInterface(REFIID iid, void** ppv) { if ((iid == IID_IUnknown) || (iid == IID_IClassFactory)) { *ppv = (IClassFactory *) this; } else { *ppv = NULL; return E_NOINTERFACE; } AddRef(); return S_OK; } HRESULT CFactory::CreateInstance(IUnknown *pUnknownOuter, REFIID iid, void** ppv) { if (pUnknownOuter != NULL) return CLASS_E_NOAGGREGATION; MiniCalc *pMiniCalc = new MiniCalc; if (pMiniCalc == NULL) return E_OUTOFMEMORY; // QueryInterface probably for IID_IUNKNOWN HRESULT hr = pMiniCalc ->QueryInterface(iid, ppv); pMiniCalc ->Release(); return hr; }

22. Factory example // {10000002-0000-0000-0000-000000000001} const CLSID CLSID_Factory = {0x10000032,0x0000,0x0000,{0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01}}; void main() { HRESULT hr = CoInitialize(NULL); IUnknown* pUnknown; ISum* pSum; IClassFactory* pClassFactory; hr = CoGetClassObject(CLSID_Factory, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, NULL, IID_IClassFactory, (void**)&pClassFactory); pClassFactory->CreateInstance(NULL, IID_IUnknown, (void**)&pUnknown); pClassFactory->Release(); hr = pUnknown->QueryInterface(IID_ISum, (void**)&pSum); hr = pUnknown->Release(); int sum; hr = pSum->Sum(2, 3, &sum); if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) cout << "Client: Calling Sum(2, 3) = " << sum << endl; hr = pSum->Release(); CoUninitialize(); } IClassFactory ClassFactory IUnknown pCreateInstance pLockServer IUnknown creates Object IUnknown ISum IUnknown pAdd Add

23. Object Counts long g_cComponents = 0; long g_cServerLocks = 0; Container::Container() : m_cRef(1), m_pSum(NULL) { g_cComponents++; } Container::~Container() { g_cComponents--; } HRESULT CFactory::LockServer(BOOL bLock) { if (bLock) g_cServerLocks++; else g_cServerLocks--; return S_OK; } HRESULT DllCanUnloadNow() { if (g_cServerLocks == 0 && g_cComponents == 0) return S_OK; else return S_FALSE; } HRESULT DllGetClassObject(REFCLSID clsid, REFIID iid, void** ppv) { if (clsid != CLSID_Aggregate) return CLASS_E_CLASSNOTAVAILABLE; CFactory* pFactory = new CFactory; if (pFactory == NULL) return E_OUTOFMEMORY; // QueryInterface probably for IClassFactory HRESULT hr = pFactory->QueryInterface(iid, ppv); pFactory->Release(); return hr; } HRESULT DllRegisterServer() { return RegisterServer("aggregate.dll", CLSID_Container, "Aggregate", "Component.Aggregate", "Component.Aggregate.1", NULL); } HRESULT DllUnregisterServer() { return UnregisterServer(CLSID_Aggregate, "Component.Aggregate", "Component.Aggregate.1"); }

24. Context for COM object INPROC_SERVER INPROC_HANDLER LOCAL_SERVER REMOTE_SERVER

25. INPROC_SERVER Dynamically Linked Library (DLL) COM object executes in same process space IMultiply* pMultiply; CoCreateInstance(CLSID_Container, [in]RCLSID NULL,[in]Outer Object CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,[in]ClsContext IID_IMultiply, [in] RIID (void**)&pMultiply);[out] Interface Pointer

26. INPROC_HANDLER DLL with custom marshaling of data

27. LOCAL_SERVER Executable (EXE) Dynamically Linked Library loaded into a surrogate process

28. REMOTE_SERVER Executable (EXE) on a remote machine Dynamically Linked Library loaded into a surrogate process on a remote machine

29. The Big Picture Client Application In-Process Server In-Process Object COM Local Object Proxy Remote Object Proxy Client Process Local Server Process Remote Server Process COM Stub COM Stub Local Server Remote Server Local Object Remote Object Remote Machine

30. Under the Hood Page 115 from DCOM