1. Part I I. An Outline of 20th-century English Fiction I. An Outline of 20th-century English Fiction --From the Beginning of 20 th Century to 1945 --From 1945 to 1960s --From 1970s to the Present II. Influential Novelists from the Beginning of 20th Century to 1945

2. Winners of Nobel Prize for Literature in UK 英国： 13 人（包括英联邦王国） 英国： 13 人（包括英联邦王国） --1907 年 约瑟夫 · 鲁德亚德 · 吉卜林（ Rudyard Kipling ， 1865 ～ 1936 ）英国小说家、诗人。 --1907 年 约瑟夫 · 鲁德亚德 · 吉卜林（ Rudyard Kipling ， 1865 ～ 1936 ）英国小说家、诗人。 约瑟夫 · 鲁德亚德 · 吉卜林 Rudyard Kipling 约瑟夫 · 鲁德亚德 · 吉卜林 Rudyard Kipling --1923 年 威廉 · 勃特勒 · 叶芝（ William Butler Yeats ， 1865 ～ 1939 ） 爱尔兰诗人、剧作家 (1949 年成为共和国 ) --1923 年 威廉 · 勃特勒 · 叶芝（ William Butler Yeats ， 1865 ～ 1939 ） 爱尔兰诗人、剧作家 (1949 年成为共和国 ) 叶芝 William Butler Yeats 叶芝 William Butler Yeats --1925 年 乔治 · 萧伯纳（ George Bernard Shaw ， 1856 ～ 1950 ） 爱尔兰戏剧家。 (1949 年成为共和国 ) --1925 年 乔治 · 萧伯纳（ George Bernard Shaw ， 1856 ～ 1950 ） 爱尔兰戏剧家。 (1949 年成为共和国 ) 乔治 · 萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw 爱尔兰戏剧 乔治 · 萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw 爱尔兰戏剧 --1932 年 约翰 · 高尔斯华绥（ John Galsworthy ， 1867 ～ 1933 ）英 国小说家、剧作家。 --1932 年 约翰 · 高尔斯华绥（ John Galsworthy ， 1867 ～ 1933 ）英 国小说家、剧作家。 约翰 · 高尔斯华绥 John Galsworthy 约翰 · 高尔斯华绥 John Galsworthy --1948 年 托马斯 · 斯特恩斯 · 艾略特（ T.S. Eliot ， 1888 ～ 1965 ）英 美诗人、剧作家、批评家。 --1948 年 托马斯 · 斯特恩斯 · 艾略特（ T.S. Eliot ， 1888 ～ 1965 ）英 美诗人、剧作家、批评家。 托马斯 · 斯特恩斯 · 艾略特 T.S. Eliot 托马斯 · 斯特恩斯 · 艾略特 T.S. Eliot --1950 年 亚瑟 · 威廉 · 罗素（ Bertrand Russell ， 1872 ～ 1970 ）英 国数学家、哲学家。 --1950 年 亚瑟 · 威廉 · 罗素（ Bertrand Russell ， 1872 ～ 1970 ）英 国数学家、哲学家。 罗素 Bertrand Russell 罗素 Bertrand Russell --1953 年 温斯顿 · 丘吉尔（ Winston Churchill ， 1874 ～ 1965 ）英 国政治家、历史学家、传记作家。 --1953 年 温斯顿 · 丘吉尔（ Winston Churchill ， 1874 ～ 1965 ）英 国政治家、历史学家、传记作家。 温斯顿 · 丘吉尔 Winston Churchill 温斯顿 · 丘吉尔 Winston Churchill

3. --1973 年 帕特里克 · 怀特（ Patrick White ， 1912 ～ 1990 ）澳大利亚 小说家、剧作家。（英联邦王国） --1973 年 帕特里克 · 怀特（ Patrick White ， 1912 ～ 1990 ）澳大利亚 小说家、剧作家。（英联邦王国） 帕特里克 · 怀特 Patrick White澳大利亚 帕特里克 · 怀特 Patrick White澳大利亚 --1981 年 埃利亚斯 · 卡内蒂（ Elias Canetti ， 1905 ～ 1994 ）英国德语 作家。 --1981 年 埃利亚斯 · 卡内蒂（ Elias Canetti ， 1905 ～ 1994 ）英国德语 作家。 埃利亚斯 · 卡内蒂 Elias Canetti 埃利亚斯 · 卡内蒂 Elias Canetti --1983 年 威廉 · 戈尔丁（ William Golding ， 1911 ～ 1994 ）英国作家， 小说家。 --1983 年 威廉 · 戈尔丁（ William Golding ， 1911 ～ 1994 ）英国作家， 小说家。 威廉 · 戈尔丁 William Golding 威廉 · 戈尔丁 William Golding --2001 年 维 · 苏 · 奈保尔（ V. S. Naipaul ， 1932 ～）印度裔英国作家， 小说家。 --2001 年 维 · 苏 · 奈保尔（ V. S. Naipaul ， 1932 ～）印度裔英国作家， 小说家。 维 · 苏 · 奈保尔 V. S. Naipaul 维 · 苏 · 奈保尔 V. S. Naipaul --2005 年 哈罗德 · 品特（ Harold Pinter ， 1930~2008 ），犹太人, 英国 剧作家 --2005 年 哈罗德 · 品特（ Harold Pinter ， 1930~2008 ），犹太人, 英国 剧作家 哈罗德 · 品特 Harold Pinter犹太人 哈罗德 · 品特 Harold Pinter犹太人 --2007 年 多丽丝 · 莱辛（ Doris Lessing ， 1919— ），英国女作家， 小说家 --2007 年 多丽丝 · 莱辛（ Doris Lessing ， 1919— ），英国女作家， 小说家 多丽丝 · 莱辛 多丽丝 · 莱辛 英联邦： 英联邦： --1991 年 内丁 · 戈迪默（女）（ Nadine Gordimer ， 1923 ～）南非作 家。 (1961 年，全民公决成为共和国 ) --1991 年 内丁 · 戈迪默（女）（ Nadine Gordimer ， 1923 ～）南非作 家。 (1961 年，全民公决成为共和国 ) 内丁 · 戈迪默 Nadine Gordimer 内丁 · 戈迪默 Nadine Gordimer --2003 年 库切（ J. M. Coetzee ， 1940 ～）南非作家。 (1961 年，全 民公决成为共和国 ) --2003 年 库切（ J. M. Coetzee ， 1940 ～）南非作家。 (1961 年，全 民公决成为共和国 ) 库切 J. M. Coetzee 库切 J. M. Coetzee

4. I. From the Beginning of 20 th century to 1945 1.1 Realist Fiction 1.1 Realist Fiction Henry James (1843-1916) Henry James (1843-1916) Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936): Imperial spirit Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936): Imperial spirit H. G. Wells (1866-1946): Science Fiction writer H. G. Wells (1866-1946): Science Fiction writer John Galsworthy (1867-1933): Critical realism John Galsworthy (1867-1933): Critical realism Arnold Bennet (1867-1931): Naturalist Novelist Arnold Bennet (1867-1931): Naturalist Novelist

5. 1.2 Modernist Fiction 1.2 Modernist Fiction Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) E.M. Forster (1879-1870) E.M. Forster (1879-1870) D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930) D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930) James Joyce (1882-1941) James Joyce (1882-1941) Virginia Woolf (1883-1941) Virginia Woolf (1883-1941)

6. II. From 1945 to 1960s Realist Fiction Realist Fiction George Orwell (1903-1950): Political Fables George Orwell (1903-1950): Political Fables Graham Greene (1904-1991): Conflicts between Graham Greene (1904-1991): Conflicts between religion and humanity religion and humanity William Golding (1911-1993): Exploration of William Golding (1911-1993): Exploration of human evils human evils

7. III. From the 1970s to the Present 3.1 Postmodern fiction John Fowles (1926-2005): fusion of story and experimentation) experimentation) 3.2 Campus fiction Kingsley Amis (1922-1995): Representative of Kingsley Amis (1922-1995): Representative of “The Angry Young Men” “The Angry Young Men” David Lodge (1935-): theory and creation David Lodge (1935-): theory and creation

8. 3. 3 Feminist fiction 3. 3 Feminist fiction Doris Lessing (1919-): social realism and Doris Lessing (1919-): social realism and feminism, Nobel Prize for Literature Winner feminism, Nobel Prize for Literature Winner in 2007. in 2007. Iris Murdoch (1919-1999): Cool intelligence and Iris Murdoch (1919-1999): Cool intelligence and warm feelings. warm feelings. A.S. Byatt (1936-), Booker Prize Winner. A.S. Byatt (1936-), Booker Prize Winner. Magaret Drabble (1939-) Magaret Drabble (1939-) Angela Carter (1940-1993) Angela Carter (1940-1993)

9. 3.4 New style novelists (New Star) 3.4 New style novelists (New Star) Martin Amis (1949-) Martin Amis (1949-) Graham Swift (1949-) Graham Swift (1949-) 3.5 Post colonial fiction 3.5 Post colonial fiction Salman Rushdie (1947-) Salman Rushdie (1947-) V.S. Naipaul (1932-) V.S. Naipaul (1932-)

10. 3.6 Other influential British novelists 3.6 Other influential British novelists --Anita Brookner (1928-): female, Booker Prize Winner in 1984; --Anita Brookner (1928-): female, Booker Prize Winner in 1984; --Ian McEwan (1948-): Booker Prize Winner in 1998; --Ian McEwan (1948-): Booker Prize Winner in 1998; --Julian Barnes (1946-): Booker Prize Best Novel Nominee in 1984,1998, 2005; --Julian Barnes (1946-): Booker Prize Best Novel Nominee in 1984,1998, 2005; --Jeanette Winterson (1959-): female; --Jeanette Winterson (1959-): female; --Howard Jacobson (1942-): Booker Prize Winner in 2010; --Howard Jacobson (1942-): Booker Prize Winner in 2010; --Hilary Mantel (1952- ): Booker Prize Winner in 2009; --Hilary Mantel (1952- ): Booker Prize Winner in 2009; --Tom McCarthy (1969-): The Man Booker Prize Best Novel Nominee in 2010. --Tom McCarthy (1969-): The Man Booker Prize Best Novel Nominee in 2010.

11. --Pat Barker (1943 - ) female novelist, The Man Booker Prize Best Novel winner (1995) --Pat Barker (1943 - ) female novelist, The Man Booker Prize Best Novel winner (1995) --Penelope Lively (1933 - ) The Man Booker Prize Best Novel winner (1987), female novelist --Penelope Lively (1933 - ) The Man Booker Prize Best Novel winner (1987), female novelist --Nicholas Evans (1950 - ) --Nicholas Evans (1950 - ) 3.7 Australian novelists 3.7 Australian novelists Peter Carey (1943- ） Booker Prize Winner in 1988,2001, Nominee many times. Parrot and Olivier in America (2010) Peter Carey (1943- ） Booker Prize Winner in 1988,2001, Nominee many times. Parrot and Olivier in America (2010) 3.8 Canadian novelist: 3.8 Canadian novelist: Margaret Atwood (1939-) Booker Prize Winner in 2000, Nominee many times; Margaret Atwood (1939-) Booker Prize Winner in 2000, Nominee many times;

12. Note: Requirement of Presentation: plot summary, character analyses, theme, style, narration, construction, literary criticism (You can choose some of them). Note: Requirement of Presentation: plot summary, character analyses, theme, style, narration, construction, literary criticism (You can choose some of them).

13. Part II: From the Beginning of 20 th Century to 1945 Henry James (1843-1916) Henry James (1843-1916) Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) Rudyard Kipling(1865-1936) Rudyard Kipling(1865-1936) E.M.Forster (1879-1970) E.M.Forster (1879-1970) Arnold Bennett (1867-1931) Arnold Bennett (1867-1931) *H.G.Wells (1866-1946) *H.G.Wells (1866-1946) John Galsworthy(1867-1933) John Galsworthy(1867-1933) D.H.Lawrence (1885-1930) D.H.Lawrence (1885-1930) James Joyce (1882-1941) James Joyce (1882-1941) *Virginia Woolf(1882-1941) *Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)

14. 1. Henry James (1843-1916): a forerunner of modernism His life His life --He was born in New York City in 1843 He never married. --He was born in New York City in 1843 He never married. --In 1911, he got honors degree from University of Harvard --In 1911, he got honors degree from University of Harvard --In 1912, he received honorary doctorate in literature from Oxford University. --In 1912, he received honorary doctorate in literature from Oxford University. --In 1915 he became an English citizen --In 1915 he became an English citizen --In 1916, he received the Order of Merit and died in this year --In 1916, he received the Order of Merit and died in this year

15. II. Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)

16. 2. Joseph Conrad (1857-1924 ， 约瑟夫康拉德 ） Tradition and experimentation A. Conrad’s life A. Conrad’s life --He was born in Poland （ Polish Ukraine) in 1857, occupied by Russian at that time. --He was born in Poland （ Polish Ukraine) in 1857, occupied by Russian at that time. --Both his parents died when he was seven, and his uncle (mother’s brother) brought him up. --Both his parents died when he was seven, and his uncle (mother’s brother) brought him up. --He once worked as a sailor. --He once worked as a sailor. --In 1886 he became a British citizen and changed his name from Teodor Josef Konrad Korzeniowaki to Joseph Conrad, the pen-name. --In 1886 he became a British citizen and changed his name from Teodor Josef Konrad Korzeniowaki to Joseph Conrad, the pen-name.

17. --In 1894 he retired and settled in England and devoted himself to writing. --In 1894 he retired and settled in England and devoted himself to writing. --In 1895, he got married. --In 1895, he got married. --By the time of his death in 1924, he was well established in the literary world as one of the leading Modernists. --By the time of his death in 1924, he was well established in the literary world as one of the leading Modernists. --One of his guiding beliefs was that a man must always be faithful to his friends, his fellows and his employers. If there is no faithfulness between man and man, ruin is certain to follow. --One of his guiding beliefs was that a man must always be faithful to his friends, his fellows and his employers. If there is no faithfulness between man and man, ruin is certain to follow.

18. --He was also a great master of English prose. Conrad did not begin to learn English until he was twenty-one years old. --He was also a great master of English prose. Conrad did not begin to learn English until he was twenty-one years old.

19. B. Conrad’s literary achievements and major works --He wrote 13 novels and some novellas and short stories --He wrote 13 novels and some novellas and short stories --The Nigger of the Narcissus (1897): It was his first novel of importance. --The Nigger of the Narcissus (1897): It was his first novel of importance. --Lord Jim (1900): It is one of his greatest novels. --Lord Jim (1900): It is one of his greatest novels. --Heart of Darkness (1902): one of the best novels of the 20 th -century. --Heart of Darkness (1902): one of the best novels of the 20 th -century.

20. Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness Type of work: Novella Type of work: Novella Genre: symbolism, colonial literature, adventure tale, frame story. Genre: symbolism, colonial literature, adventure tale, frame story. Narrator: two narrators: an anonymous passenger on a pleasure ship, who listens to Marlow’s story and Marlow himself. Narrator: two narrators: an anonymous passenger on a pleasure ship, who listens to Marlow’s story and Marlow himself. Point of view: first-person, plural, we Point of view: first-person, plural, we

21. Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness –Title –Story »Marlow (narrator) »Mr. Kurtz (ivory trader) »Natives (black) »Pilgrims (white)

22. Main character: Marlow Main character: Marlow Major conflict: between their images of themselves as “civilized” Europeans and the temptation to abandon morality completely once they leave the context of European society. Major conflict: between their images of themselves as “civilized” Europeans and the temptation to abandon morality completely once they leave the context of European society. Themes: the hypocrisy of imperialism, madness as a result of imperialism, the absurdity of evil. Themes: the hypocrisy of imperialism, madness as a result of imperialism, the absurdity of evil.

23. C. Conrad’s Style C. Conrad’s Style 1. He belonged to the category of realism, yet his realism was clothed with symbolism and impressionism. 1. He belonged to the category of realism, yet his realism was clothed with symbolism and impressionism. 2. He broke the conventional time-codes and generally started his novel in the middle. 2. He broke the conventional time-codes and generally started his novel in the middle. 3. He used multi-narration. In this way, there appeared to be several layers of visions about his creative world and the story could be seen from many different angles. 3. He used multi-narration. In this way, there appeared to be several layers of visions about his creative world and the story could be seen from many different angles.

24. D: His Contributions --He bridged the gap between the great Victorian writers and the modern writers through his pursuit of the perfection of style and innovation of the narrative forms, psychological examination of the human nature and the symbolic use of the impressionism. --He bridged the gap between the great Victorian writers and the modern writers through his pursuit of the perfection of style and innovation of the narrative forms, psychological examination of the human nature and the symbolic use of the impressionism. --Heart of Darkness is one of the first literary texts to provide a critical view of European imperial activities. It is typically read either as a condemnation of a certain type of adventurer who could easily take advantage of imperialism’s opportunities, or as a sentimental novel. --Heart of Darkness is one of the first literary texts to provide a critical view of European imperial activities. It is typically read either as a condemnation of a certain type of adventurer who could easily take advantage of imperialism’s opportunities, or as a sentimental novel.

25. Impressionism -- Impressionism is a term taken from painting to signify the conveying of a subjective impression of the world rather than its objective appearance. The term has been used in literature to describe the novelist’s technique of concentrating on the inner life of the main character rather than on external reality. -- Impressionism is a term taken from painting to signify the conveying of a subjective impression of the world rather than its objective appearance. The term has been used in literature to describe the novelist’s technique of concentrating on the inner life of the main character rather than on external reality. -- It relates primarily to the practice of the symbolist poets and the psychological or stream- of-consciousness novel, such as the writings of James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and Marcel Proust. -- It relates primarily to the practice of the symbolist poets and the psychological or stream- of-consciousness novel, such as the writings of James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and Marcel Proust.

26. His Contributions --Heart of Darkness provides a bridge between Victorian values and the ideals of modernism. --Heart of Darkness provides a bridge between Victorian values and the ideals of modernism. --Imperialism is at the center of Heart of Darkness. --Imperialism is at the center of Heart of Darkness. -- Heart of Darkness is a narrative about the difficulty of understanding the world beyond the self, about the ability of one man to judge another. -- Heart of Darkness is a narrative about the difficulty of understanding the world beyond the self, about the ability of one man to judge another. -- the novella’s central themes of hypocrisy and absurdity. -- the novella’s central themes of hypocrisy and absurdity.

27. 3. Rudyard Kipling(1865-1936) 拉迪亚德 · 吉卜林 Advocator of the Imperial Spirit Advocator of the Imperial Spirit A. His life A. His life --Kipling was born in Bombay, India. --Kipling was born in Bombay, India. --He returned to England in 1902, settling at Bateman’s, a 17 th century house in Sussex. --He returned to England in 1902, settling at Bateman’s, a 17 th century house in Sussex. --In 1907, he became the first Englishman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. --In 1907, he became the first Englishman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.

28. B. His literary achievements B. His literary achievements --He is both a poet and novelist. --He is both a poet and novelist. --Many of his attitudes and opinions are deemed “unacceptable” today. --Many of his attitudes and opinions are deemed “unacceptable” today. --He has produced fiction, poetry, non- fiction, and collections. --He has produced fiction, poetry, non- fiction, and collections. --His most popular works remain The Jungle Book which was written for children and the novel Kim. --His most popular works remain The Jungle Book which was written for children and the novel Kim.

29. The Jungle Book (1894,1895) Genre: Novel Genre: Novel Category: Animal fable Category: Animal fable Time: 19 th -century Time: 19 th -century Place: India Place: India First edition: 1894-5 First edition: 1894-5 Major Characters: Major Characters: Mowgli: Indian boy Mowgli: Indian boy Father wolf Father wolf Mother wolf Mother wolf

30. Share Khan: a tiger Share Khan: a tiger Akela: the head of the wolves Akela: the head of the wolves Baloo: a sleepy brown bear Baloo: a sleepy brown bear Bagheera: a black panther （黑豹） Bagheera: a black panther （黑豹） Kaa: a big rock-python ( 大岩蟒） Kaa: a big rock-python ( 大岩蟒） Bandar-log: the Monkey People. Bandar-log: the Monkey People. Messua: A lady in a village Messua: A lady in a village The theme: Animal kingdom seems more The theme: Animal kingdom seems more just than human being. The author seems to just than human being. The author seems to introduce the theory of social Darwinism by introduce the theory of social Darwinism by emphasizing the struggle for existence and the emphasizing the struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest. survival of the fittest.

31. C. His Imperialist Ideology 1. He put the blame on the natives themselves. 1. He put the blame on the natives themselves. 2. “the White Man’s Burden” 2. “the White Man’s Burden” 3. to bring civilization to the natives 3. to bring civilization to the natives 4. Englishmen’s prejudice 4. Englishmen’s prejudice

32. D. His Contributions 1. objective observation of the true nature of imperialism 1. objective observation of the true nature of imperialism 2. He was awarded the Noble Prize “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world- famous author.” 2. He was awarded the Noble Prize “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world- famous author.”

33. 4. E.M.Forster (1879-1970) 福斯特 A. His life A. His life --Forster was born in London. His father died when he was only two years old. --Forster was born in London. His father died when he was only two years old. --He lived in Hertfordshire, in the house which was later to become the central symbol of Howards End. --He lived in Hertfordshire, in the house which was later to become the central symbol of Howards End. -- He attended Tonbridge School, a typical English “Public School,” and later, King’s College, Cambridge. -- He attended Tonbridge School, a typical English “Public School,” and later, King’s College, Cambridge. -- a member of “Bloomsbury Group” -- a member of “Bloomsbury Group”

34. B. His achievements (contributions) B. His achievements (contributions) He tried to “connect” people of different backgrounds and different cultures. He tried to “connect” people of different backgrounds and different cultures. Two classics have been given by him: Two classics have been given by him: --Howards End --Howards End --A Passage to India --A Passage to India theory of novel-writing theory of novel-writing -- Aspects of the Novel. -- Aspects of the Novel.

35. C. His style C. His style He belonged to the traditional realism, but combined with symbolism. His language was direct and informal. He liked to use images and symbols. And he also combined satire with humor. He belonged to the traditional realism, but combined with symbolism. His language was direct and informal. He liked to use images and symbols. And he also combined satire with humor.

36. 5. *H.G.Wells (1866-1946) 赫 · 乔 · 威尔斯 A. His Life A. His Life --He was born in Bromley, Kent in UK. --He was born in Bromley, Kent in UK. --His parents were unsuccessful shopkeepers. Their marriage was unhappy. --His parents were unsuccessful shopkeepers. Their marriage was unhappy. --He was brought up in the lower middle class and was briefly a chemist’s assistant and a draper’s apprentice. --He was brought up in the lower middle class and was briefly a chemist’s assistant and a draper’s apprentice. --He got a scholarship in 1884 and studied biology with T.H. Huxley. --He got a scholarship in 1884 and studied biology with T.H. Huxley. --In 1888 he took an excellent degree in science at London University. --In 1888 he took an excellent degree in science at London University.

37. --He married his cousin Isabel in 1891, but the marriage collapsed after three years when he eloped with Amy Catherine Robbins. --He married his cousin Isabel in 1891, but the marriage collapsed after three years when he eloped with Amy Catherine Robbins. --Throughout his life Wells was a dedicated womanizer and an advocate of sexual freedom, but despite notorious affairs with, among others, Dorothy Richardson, Elizabeth von Arnim and Rebecca West (with whom he had a son, Anthony West). --Throughout his life Wells was a dedicated womanizer and an advocate of sexual freedom, but despite notorious affairs with, among others, Dorothy Richardson, Elizabeth von Arnim and Rebecca West (with whom he had a son, Anthony West). --In 1893 he turned wholly to journalism and authorship. He once was a member of Fabian Society --In 1893 he turned wholly to journalism and authorship. He once was a member of Fabian Society

38. B. His literary achievements and his major works He wrote more than 50 novels and volumes of short stories and many non-fiction books. He wrote more than 50 novels and volumes of short stories and many non-fiction books. 1. Main Science-fiction novels 1. Main Science-fiction novels The Time Machine (1895) The Time Machine (1895) The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896) The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896) The Invisible Man (1897) The Invisible Man (1897) The War of the Worlds (1898) The War of the Worlds (1898) The First Men on the Moon (1901) The First Men on the Moon (1901)

39. 2. Social novels or comic novels, or novels of humor 2. Social novels or comic novels, or novels of humor Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul (1905) Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul (1905) The History of Mr. Polly (1910) The History of Mr. Polly (1910) Ann Veronica (1909) Ann Veronica (1909) 3. Novels of ideas 3. Novels of ideas Tono-Bungay (1909) Tono-Bungay (1909)

40. C. His contributions 1. His Time Machine pioneered the English science fiction. 1. His Time Machine pioneered the English science fiction. 2. He inherited the English realistic tradition, but combined it with the scientific fantasies and so he was in step with the reforming and changing trend of the age and shaped the minds of the growing generation. In a sense he bridged the gap in the transformation from realism to modernism. 2. He inherited the English realistic tradition, but combined it with the scientific fantasies and so he was in step with the reforming and changing trend of the age and shaped the minds of the growing generation. In a sense he bridged the gap in the transformation from realism to modernism.

41. D. His Science Fiction 1. the danger to man 1. the danger to man 2. limits of the human body and the qualities of machines 2. limits of the human body and the qualities of machines 3. explore the world of space 3. explore the world of space On the whole, he was interested in the possibilities for good rather than in the disadvantages. On the whole, he was interested in the possibilities for good rather than in the disadvantages. The details of science fiction stories change and develop as scientific advances are made, but many of the themes remain the same. The details of science fiction stories change and develop as scientific advances are made, but many of the themes remain the same.

42. Other novelists who have written science fiction Other novelists who have written science fiction E.M. Forster’s short story: The Machine Stops (1909) E.M. Forster’s short story: The Machine Stops (1909) Aldous Huxley: Brave New World (1932) Aldous Huxley: Brave New World (1932) George Orwell:Nineteen Eighty-Four George Orwell:Nineteen Eighty-Four Anthony Burgess: A clockwork Orange Anthony Burgess: A clockwork Orange Kingsley Amis: New Maps of Hell (1961) Kingsley Amis: New Maps of Hell (1961) Doris Lessing: The Four-Gated City (1969) Doris Lessing: The Four-Gated City (1969) James Joyce: Finnegan’s Wake James Joyce: Finnegan’s Wake Arthur Clarke :The City and the Stars (1957) Arthur Clarke :The City and the Stars (1957) 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)

43. 6.Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) 弗吉尼亚 · 伍尔夫

44. A. Introduction to Woolf A. Introduction to Woolf 1. master of the Modernist novel and a great master of the stream-of-consciousness novel 1. master of the Modernist novel and a great master of the stream-of-consciousness novel 2. Their intelligence was equaled by their frankness, notably on sexual topics, and the sexual life of Bloomsbury provided ample material for discussion. 2. Their intelligence was equaled by their frankness, notably on sexual topics, and the sexual life of Bloomsbury provided ample material for discussion.

45. Her suicide in March 1941, resulting from her dread of World War II and her fear that she was about to lose her mind and become a burden on her husband Her suicide in March 1941, resulting from her dread of World War II and her fear that she was about to lose her mind and become a burden on her husband

46. B. Her literary achievement and her major works 1. She wrote some of England’s important fiction because of her experiments with stream of consciousness. 1. She wrote some of England’s important fiction because of her experiments with stream of consciousness. 2. She was also one of the most distinguished literary critics of her time. 2. She was also one of the most distinguished literary critics of her time. 3. She was famous as a leader of the “Bloomsbury Group” 3. She was famous as a leader of the “Bloomsbury Group” 4. She was also a feminist, and socialist who expressed her beliefs in essays such as "A Room of One's Own". 4. She was also a feminist, and socialist who expressed her beliefs in essays such as "A Room of One's Own".

47. C. Her contributions 1) She experimented in an innovative way with the forms of modern novel through the technique of stream of consciousness. 1) She experimented in an innovative way with the forms of modern novel through the technique of stream of consciousness. 2) Virginia Woolf's concern with feminist themes is dominant in A Room of One's Own 2) Virginia Woolf's concern with feminist themes is dominant in A Room of One's Own