1. colosse um Functional architecture Paul Artus p.37 Workbooks p.38

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3. 1. How many people can it hold? 2. Where is it located? 3. Who began constructing it? 4. Who else contributed to its construction? 5. What year was it opened? 6. What events were held there? 7. Name the types of engaged columns from the ground floor up 8. Where did the women sit? 9. Which women got to sit in a different place? 10. Where did the senators sit?

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6. Colosseum What might the arches have been useful for (the architectural purpose)?

7. Colosseum p.37 workbook Location: Rome Architectural type: Amphitheatre, functional Purposes find under ‘Used for?’ on p.38 of Paul Artus Dates of construction: (Built between 70-80 AD )Built by Emperor’s of the Flavian Dynasty. The building had reached the top of the 2 nd level when Vespasian died in 79AD. His son Titus added the 3 rd level and celebrated the dedication of the enlarged structure in AD80 with the inaugural games. Titus’ brother, Domitian added the 4 th storey in 81AD. History of the site: Vespasian built the colosseum in the grounds of Nero’s Golden House. This was a clever move because Nero had taken land after the fire in Rome. He had built an artificial lake. Now Vespasian was returning to the Roman people land that Nero had taken for his own pleasure. Vespasian was a humble man who sympathised with his subjects.

8.  Original name & variations: find on p.38 of Paul Artus Dimensions & attendance figures: 188mx 156 m in an elliptical shape. Ground floor arches were 7.05m high the 2 nd level 6.45m and 3 rd the 2 nd level 6.45m and 3 rd 6.40m high Could take 50, 000 people

9. Construction p. 38 Materials used:  travertine pavement 17.05m wide. Travertine was also used for the piers on the 1 st 2 levels.  Above the 2 nd floor concrete was used, with brick facing, where there was more intense pressure  The fact that the structure exists today, underlines the stability of the original design & materials.  The exterior is decorated with a façade of engaged columns & pilasters that serve no structural purpose but that display the use of the old Greek architectural orders – the engaged columns of the 1 st 3 levels from the ground floor up are:  Doric  Ionic  Corinthian  The top storey has  corinthian pilasters

10.  Statues stood originally in the arches of the 2 nd and 3 rd levels- but have not survived.

11. construction (workbooks p. 39)   Before any construction could begin, the workers had to drain the Stagnum which Emperor Nero had flooded earlier.   After the Stagnum was emptied, they had to lay down the foundation.   From there they added many levels and built an amazing system of pulleys, levers, ropes, and bridges beneath the stage floor that the warriors battle on.

12. p.38. In what ways did the designers make provision for the participants in games?  There were dens and caverns beneath the wooden floor for animals & gladiators to be kept before the fights   (Not only did the warriors fight each other they were forced to fight animals such as tigers) Excavated site The structure goes down 6.08 m to a brick pavement. It has been excavated to reveal the remains of dens for wild beasts & other features

13. p.39 Workbook Draw the sketch

14. Workbooks p.40

15. What was done to ensure that there was ease of access for spectators to their seats (p.40)? 76 out of a total of 80 arches served as the main entrances and exits. Wooden barriers were set up to funnel the spectators in an orderly manner. There was a number engraved above each external arch. People had wooden tickets with the number of the entrance they were meant to go in. There were 4 arches at each axis that were not numbered. The two on the north and south were for the imperial family

16. p.40 workbooks What groups in Roman society could view games held in the colosseum and where did they sit?  The emperor entered through a triple archway on the north side. The consuls sat in a box directly opposite - through a triple entrance way, on the south side.  Women = top storey.  female members of the ruling family and the vestal virgins sat by the ringside.

18. What was the role of the Velarium (workbooks p.40)? It was a huge canvas awning that could be rolled into place above the seating area. It was put in It was a huge canvas awning that could be rolled into place above the seating area. It was put in to shield the harmful rays of the hot It was fastened to a series of poles that ran around the exterior rim of the top storey. 100 sailors from Misenum were employed to erect the awning and to maintain the yards of rigging that was involved, to ensure it worked correctly. Mediterranean sun. It was fastened to a series of poles that ran around the exterior rim of the top storey. 100 sailors from Misenum were employed to erect the awning and to maintain the yards of rigging that was involved, to ensure it worked correctly. In the picture you can see how the Velarium looks when it is closed with just a hole in the middle for sunlight.

19. Workbooks p.41 DIMENSIONS OF THE AMPHITHEATRE  Height:  Length of external axis: 188m  Capacity: 50,000  Shape: elliptical  Function of columns: decorative 3 ways in which the structure was imperial propaganda: 1) Its huge size – largest amphitheatre ever built 2) Vespasian was made popular with the Romans by returning their land which had been taken by Nero 3) Made the people feel better and more important with grand- scale entertainment

20. p. 41 Two ways that weight was reduced was:  Extensive use of arches and vaults were used to lighten the load, spread the strain and at the same time support the weight of the structure and spectators.  Upper levels made of brick faced concrete gave an extra strength to the structure to support the weight of the spectators.

23.  One problem associated with the architecture was how to build a structure capable of supporting its own weight & 50,00 spectators.  The architect made extensive use of arch and vault:  To lighten the load  To spread the strain  And chose his building materials based on their strength  The stepped seating was 37 degree angle essential to lessen the weight  Deep concrete Foundations: 52m wide 12m deep

24. Colosseum at night

29. Colosseum  Use Campbell to answer these questions 1. Where did the Colosseum get its name? 2. What is another name for it? Where does it come from? 3. On what site was it built? Name 2 significant things about this? 4. What was the substructure for? 5. Write 3 facts about the Arena? 6. Draw a diagram describing the seating and use of it? 7. How many people did it hold? 8. Why do you think vomitoria were called that? How many arched entrances were there? 9. How did the architect make the building strong? 10. Describe the Greek influence on the exterior. 11. HOw was the awning attached? 12. What was the building used for?