1. Old & New Religions: the Search for Salvation Chapter 9 Lehman & Myers

2. Old & New Religions: The Search for Salvation Culture- in social groups, culture is continuously changing, fast at times, and slow at others. Culture- in social groups, culture is continuously changing, fast at times, and slow at others. Religion change is also continuous and universal. Religion change is also continuous and universal. Changes in society, through culture and religion have resulted in various forms of Revitalization movements. Changes in society, through culture and religion have resulted in various forms of Revitalization movements. Revitalization Movements: “are deliberate & organized attempts by some members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture by rapid acceptance of a pattern of multiple innovations” (Lehman) Revitalization Movements: “are deliberate & organized attempts by some members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture by rapid acceptance of a pattern of multiple innovations” (Lehman)

3. Types of Religious Movements Revitalization Movements- most dramatic: Revitalization Movements- most dramatic: Reactionary character- a result of real or imagined conditions that create a demand for change. Reactionary character- a result of real or imagined conditions that create a demand for change. Nativistic Movements- emphasis on the elimination of alien persons, customs, values & material from the *mazeway. Nativistic Movements- emphasis on the elimination of alien persons, customs, values & material from the *mazeway. Cargo Cults- emphasis on the importation of alien values, customs & material into the mazeway, arriving as a ship’s cargo. Cargo Cults- emphasis on the importation of alien values, customs & material into the mazeway, arriving as a ship’s cargo. Millenarian Movements- emphasis on the changes in the mazeway through an apocalyptic world transformation by a supernatural being. Millenarian Movements- emphasis on the changes in the mazeway through an apocalyptic world transformation by a supernatural being. Messianic Movements- emphasis on the actual participation of a divine savior in human flesh, bringing the desired changes to the mazeway Messianic Movements- emphasis on the actual participation of a divine savior in human flesh, bringing the desired changes to the mazeway *Mazeway- mental image of society and its customs by adapting one’s body and behavior to fit this system.

4. Revitalization Movements Revitalization- bringing new vigor & happiness to society. Revitalization- bringing new vigor & happiness to society. The religious character may also be that traditional institutions are not able to adopt & respond to social changes. The religious character may also be that traditional institutions are not able to adopt & respond to social changes. European colonists imposing Christianity European colonists imposing Christianity Spaniards imposing Catholicism to Latin American indigenous people Spaniards imposing Catholicism to Latin American indigenous people

5. Religious Terms Church- larger community’s view of the acceptable type of religious organization (Lehman). Church- larger community’s view of the acceptable type of religious organization (Lehman). Cult- a more casual, loosely organized group with fluctuating membership sharing with other religious organizations. Cult- a more casual, loosely organized group with fluctuating membership sharing with other religious organizations. Sect- refers to a protest group generally small, defiant to the world. (4 types of sects) Sect- refers to a protest group generally small, defiant to the world. (4 types of sects)

6. 4 Types of Sects- based on ideologies 1. The Conversionist- goal is to convert others. 2. The Adventist- anticipates a drastic divine intervention 3. The Introversionists- eager to develop its inner spirituality 4. The Gnostic- based on esoteric religious knowledge

7. Why do people join these movements? Five type of deprivations Five type of deprivations 1. Economic deprivation 2. Organismic deprivation 3. Psychic deprivation 4. Social deprivation

8. Cargo Cults By Peter M. Worsley

9. Cargo Cults New Guinea 1946 New Guinea 1946 Central Theme Central Theme End of the world End of the world Paradise Paradise Extinction of evil & suffering Extinction of evil & suffering Reversal of system Reversal of system Mansren Myth Mansren Myth Bible similarities Bible similarities The Cargo The Cargo Disappointment & reappearance Disappointment & reappearance

10. Ghost Dance By Alice Beck Kehoe

11. The Ghost Dance Region Region Wovoka’s background Wovoka’s background Eclipse of 1889 Eclipse of 1889 Supernatural experience Supernatural experience Jack Wilson as a prophet Jack Wilson as a prophet The dance The dance The gospel The gospel

12. The Ghost Dance Rapid Spread Rapid Spread Last congregations Last congregations Why “Ghost Dance” Why “Ghost Dance” Resurrection of the dead Resurrection of the dead Renewal of the earth Renewal of the earth Wounded Knee Massacre Wounded Knee Massacre

13. Revitalization Movements by Anthony Wallace Result form severe disorganization of the socio- cultural system. Result form severe disorganization of the socio- cultural system. Climatic/faunal changes Climatic/faunal changes Epidemic disease Epidemic disease Wars Wars Internal conflict (generating social inequalities) Internal conflict (generating social inequalities) Individual experiences: panic-stricken anxiety, shame, guilt, depression, &/or apathy. Individual experiences: panic-stricken anxiety, shame, guilt, depression, &/or apathy.

14. Two Psychological Mechanisms 1. Mazeway Resynthesis 2. Hysterical Conversion - Beginning of the Revitalization Movements.

15. In-Class Activity Form a group of 3-4 people and answer the following questions: How did the Seneca Indians of New York respond the social chaos? How did the Seneca Indians of New York respond the social chaos? Define the stages of revitalization process: Define the stages of revitalization process: 1. Steady State 2. Period of Increased Individual Stress 3. Period of Cultural Distortion 4. Period of Revitalization (including 6 functions) 5. New Steady State