1. Transportation 运输

2. Contents  The role of transportation:  Transportation System  Factors Influencing Transportation Costs  The Economic and Service Characteristics of Different Transportation Modes

3. 1.The role of transportation:  Microeconomic impacts of transport infrastructure  Transport infrastructure and full Economic effects

4. Microeconomic impacts of transport

5. Transport infrastructure and full Economic effects

6. 2.Transportation System  There are five basic transportation modes— motor, rail, air, water, pipeline.  In addition, certain modal combinations are available, including rail-motor (“piggy back”), motor-water, motor-air, and rail-water.

7. Five Major Transportation Modes

8. Multi-modal Transport

10. 3.Factors Influencing Transportation Costs  Product’s characteristics distance volume density stow ability ease or difficulty of handling liability

11. Relationship between Cost and Distance

12. Relationship between Cost and Volume

13. Relationship between Cost and Density

14. Relationship between Cost and Stowability  Stowability refers to how product case dimensions fit into transportation equipment.  Although density and stow-ability are similar, it is possible to have items with similar densities that stow very differently.

15. Relationship between Cost and Handling  In addition to special handling equipment, the manner in which products are physically grouped together in boxes or on pallets for transport and storage will impact handling cost.

16. Liability  Liability includes product characteristics that can result in damage and potential claims.  Carriers must either have insurance to protect against possible claims or accept financial responsibility for damage.  Shippers can reduce their risk, and ultimately transportation cost, by improved packaging or reducing susceptibility to loss or damage.

17. 4.The Economic and Service Characteristics of Different Transportation Modes

18. Motor Transportation  Motor carriers are more flexible and versatile than other modes.  In general, motor carriage offers the customer fast, reliable service with little damage or loss transit.  Motor carriers give much faster service than railroad and compare favorably with air carriers on short hauls.  No other mode can provide the market coverage offered by motor carriers.

19. Rail Transportation  Rail service is available in almost every major metropolitan center in the world, and in many smaller communities as well.  Rail transport lacks the versatility and flexibility of motor carriers because it is limited to fixed track facilities.  Rail transport generally costs less than air and motor carriage.  Railroads have relative energy-efficiency advantages compared with motor carriers.

20. Air Transportation  Most view air transport as a premium, emergency service because of its higher cost.  Air carriers generally transport products of high value and low density or weight.

21. Water Transportation  Water transport can be broken down into several categories:  Inland waterway such as rivers and canals  Lakes  Coastal and inter-coastal ocean  International deep sea  Water carriage is perhaps the most inexpensive mode of shipping high-bulk, low-value commodities.

22. Water Transportation  Water carriage is particularly suited for movements of heavy, bulky, low-value-per- unit commodities.  Businesses primarily use water movement for inbound transport.

23. Pipeline Transportation  Pipelines are able to transport only a limited number of products, including natural gas, crude oil, petroleum products, chemicals, and slurry products.  Pipeline offer the shipper an extremely high level of service dependability at a relatively low cost.

24. Comparative of Transportation Modes