1. Energy What Is Energy? Forms of Energy Energy Transformations and Conservation Energy and Fossil Fuels Table of Contents

2. Energy Learning Objectives 1.Describe how energy relates to work and power. 2.Describe kinetic energy and potential energy for various real world examples.

3. Energy Energy from Your Food (Calorimetry Lab) Goal- Determine the amount of energy contained in a piece of food (a marshmallow). Procedure: 1.Fill the soda can with 20 mL of water. 2.Measure the initial temperature of the water & the initial mass of the marshmallow (place the pie plate, marshmallow, paper clip, and clay on the balance), then the Mr. Nye will light the marshmallow about 1 inch underneath the soda can (held in place by you using tongs). 3.After the marshmallow is JUST finished burning, measure the final temperature of the water. 4.Then measure the final mass of the marshmallow. Again, place the pie plate, marshmallow, paper clip, and clay on the balance to get the final mass of the marshmallow. 5.Determine the temperature change (final – initial) and the mass change (initial – final) [both should be positive]. Data Analysis: Calculate the number of Calories per gram of marshmallow: cal/g = (20 g Water x 1 cal/g* o C x Temperature change)/Change in mass 1000 calories = 1 Food Calorie Food Calories per gram = (previous calculation)/1000 Theoretical Yield = 3.21 Food Calories/g *Theoretical yield taken from the nutrition label (100 Food Cal/30 g).*

4. Energy Calorimetry Lab Conclusions Answer in the complete sentences… 3.21 Food Cal/gram 1.How did your actual yield compare to the theoretical yield of 3.21 Food Cal/gram? considerably less 2.What are some sources of error in this experiment that would cause the actual yield to be considerably less than the theoretical yield? Hints: Does all of the heat from the burning marshmallow go directly into the water? If not, then where does most of it go? originally come 3.Keeping in mind that the grill lighter just got the burning started, where did the energy originally come from? How does this experiment demonstrate the reason as to why we need to eat food?

5. Energy Learning Objectives 1.Describe how energy relates to work and power. 2.Describe kinetic energy and potential energy for various real world examples.

6. Energy Introduction to Kinetic & Potential Energy Potential Energy is stored energy. Examples Examples: (Chemical) energy stored in a battery or food, a stretched rubber band (Elastic), or a person or an object at a high height (Gravitational) Kinetic Energy is the energy of movement or motion. Examples Examples: Any object or person that is moving has a certain amount of kinetic energy, Particles that make up matter are constantly moving.

7. Energy Kinetic vs. Potential Energy Experiment Goal: Determine the variables that affect the KE and PE for the go-car as it goes down the ramp for 2 different masses. Hypothesis: Predict how velocity will affect KE and how the height above the ground will affect PE. Background: m = mass, v = velocity, g = acceleration due to gravity, h = height above the ground Kinetic Energy (KE) = Energy of motion = 1/2mv 2 Gravitational Potential Energy (PE) = Stored energy = mgh

8. Energy Machine Setup Mass m (kg) Velocity v (m/s) KE v 2 1/2mv 2 (J) Mass m (kg) Gravity g (m/s/s) Height h (m) PE mgh (J) Top of Ramp & no weights 0.250 9.80.5 Top of Ramp & weights 0.500 9.80.5 Bottom of Ramp & no weights 0.25From your data 0.259.80 Bottom of Ramp & weights 0.50From your data 0.509.80

9. Energy Conclusions (in complete sentences) 1.State the relationships between the following variables (use the equations for help too): a)Velocity and KE b)Height above the ground and Gravitational PE 2.Where on the ramp would the KE & PE be about equal? Explain your answer with evidence from the experiment. Hint- Where was there 0 KE but plenty of PE and 0 PE but plenty of KE? 3.So, was any energy lost (outside of friction and human error), or was the energy transformed from one form to another (such as KE to PE or PE to KE)? How was the energy transformed as the go- car went down the ramp?

10. Energy Learning Objective 1.Describe kinetic energy and potential energy for various real world examples.

11. Energy - What Is Energy? Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy increases as mass and velocity increases.

12. Energy - What Is Energy? Potential Energy Gravitational potential energy increases as weight and height increase.

13. Energy - Energy Transformations and Conservation Energy Transformations Most forms of energy can be transformed into other forms.

14. Energy - Energy Transformations and Conservation Transformations Between Potential and Kinetic Energy A pendulum continuously transforms energy from kinetic to potential energy and back.

15. Energy What’s the difference between kinetic and potential energy? A.Kinetic energy is stored energy while potential energy is the energy of motion. B.Kinetic energy deals with movement while potential energy is stored energy. C.They are the same type of energy (just different names). D.I don’t know because I am not living up to my fullest potential.

16. Energy Which of the following would have the most kinetic energy? A.A person standing still on the ground. B.A person standing on a cliff. C.A bowling ball rolling at 2 m/s. D.A ping pong ball bouncing at 2 m/s.

17. Energy What happens to a car’s kinetic energy as it decelerates to a stop at a red light? A.The KE remains the same. B.The KE increases. C.The KE decreases. D.The KE increases, then decreases.

18. Energy Where on the diagram below would the ball have the most kinetic energy? A.Point A B.Point B C.Point C D.None of the above A B C

19. Energy Which of the following describes what happens to a basketball’s potential and kinetic energy as it falls down through the basketball hoop to the ground? A.The KE decreases while the PE increases. B.The KE increases while the PE decreases. C.The KE and PE both increase together. D.The KE and PE both decrease together.

20. Energy In which scenario would the skier have the most potential energy? A.A small skier at the top of a mountain. B.A small skier at the bottom of a mountain. C.A large skier at the top of a mountain. D.A large skier at the bottom of a mountain

21. Energy Which of the following best explains what happens to potential energy and kinetic energy as a skier goes down a mountain? A.Kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy as the skier goes down the mountain. B.Potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy as the skier goes down the mountain. C.Potential energy and kinetic energy both increase as the skier goes down the mountain. D.Kinetic and potential energy remain the same.

22. Energy Practice Test Answers 1- The person who passed you is your reference point, so you’ll feel like you’re going slower. 2- velocity (speed and direction) 3- Walking then jogging & sled riding down a hill 4- Motion 5- Air resistance slows objects down in free fall. 6- Friction 7- Gravity causes objects to accelerate at 9.8 m/s/s towards the Earth. 8- House: greatest mass 9- Moving a golf ball at 2 m/s/s

23. Energy Practice Test Answers 10- Car at 20 mph 11- lowering the applied force 12- Greater than 1 13- Wedge 14- lower than the output force or load weight 15- The smaller applied force is over a larger distance than the larger output force (which is over a shorter distance) 16- Scissors, bike, car, human body, etc. 17- Slow the object down and/or lower its mass 18- Potential energy increases as kinetic decreases (as the snowball goes up higher); then the Potential energy decreases as kinetic energy increases (as the snowball goes down and increases in speed).

24. Energy Practice Test Answers 19- Increase the distance (spread the objects farther apart) or lower the mass. 20- Straight slanted line going up and to the right or down and to the right. 21- Straight horizontal line going across 22- Find the slope (rise/run = change in distance/change in time) 23- Straight horizontal line; slanted line going down and to the right. 24- 1 st and 2 nd class levers lower the applied force; 1 st class changes the direction of the force too. 25- scissors, pliers, see-saw, crowbar 26- Wheelbarrow, bottle opener, door

25. Energy Practice Test Answers 27- The applied force should be pointing up the ramp. 28- increase (M.A. = output force/input force) 29- Moving fast and trying to stop but end up still moving forward; trying to move a heavy object from rest and it doesn’t move easily. 30- Rocket taking off- Fuel burns (downward force) which causes the opposite reaction of the rocket moving upward; punching a wall- hit a wall and the wall pushes back (possibly causing injury)

26. Energy What You Know What You Learned Using Prior Knowledge Before you read, look at the section headings and visuals to see what this section is about. Then write what you know about energy in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, write what you learn. 1.The joule is the unit of work. 2.Energy has different forms. 1.Power is the rate at which energy is transferred. 2.The two basic kinds of energy are potential energy and kinetic energy. - What Is Energy?

27. Energy Links on Energy Click the SciLinks button for links on energy. - What Is Energy?

28. Energy End of Section: What Is Energy?

29. Energy Calculating Mechanical Energy The kinetic energy of a 500-N diver during a dive from a 10-m platform was measured. These data are shown in the graph. - Forms of Energy

30. Energy Calculating Mechanical Energy About 1000 J Reading Graphs: According to the graph, how much kinetic energy does the diver have at 8 m? - Forms of Energy

31. Energy Calculating Mechanical Energy Kinetic energy = about 2000 J; potential energy = about 3000 J Calculating: Using the graph, find the kinetic energy of the diver at 6 m. Then calculate the diver’s potential energy at that point. - Forms of Energy

32. Energy Calculating Mechanical Energy About 5000 J Inferring: The mechanical energy of the diver is the same at every height. What is the mechanical energy of the diver? - Forms of Energy

33. Energy Building Vocabulary After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words. - Forms of Energy Key Terms:Examples: mechanical energyThe form of energy associated with the position and motion of an object is called mechanical energy. thermal energyThe total potential and kinetic energy of the particles in an object is called thermal energy. electrical energyThe energy of electric charges is electrical energy. chemical energyChemical energy is potential energy stored in the chemical bonds that hold chemical compounds together. Key Terms:Examples: nuclear energy electromagnetic energy A type of potential energy called nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of an atom. The sunlight that you see each day is a form of electromagnetic energy.

34. Energy Links on Forms of Energy Click the SciLinks button for links on forms of energy. - Forms of Energy

35. Energy End of Section: Forms of Energy

36. Energy - Energy Transformations and Conservation Energy Transformations Most forms of energy can be transformed into other forms.

37. Energy - Energy Transformations and Conservation Transformations Between Potential and Kinetic Energy A pendulum continuously transforms energy from kinetic to potential energy and back.

38. Energy Physics-Related Jobs Job TitleDescriptionSalary ArchitectDesign buildings and other structuresAverage $104,000 Nuclear Physicist Work with nuclear reactors to provide clean energy $112,000-143,000 Forensic Scientist CSI lab work (such as shot tracking)$49,000-62,000 Radiation Technician Produce medical scans (such as X- Rays, CT scans, MRI’s, & sonograms) Average $58,000 Research & Development Studies to help the world through Military Design (Weapons, Armor, Aircraft), Geophysics (Gas Drilling), Optical physics, Space physics, etc. $62,000-110,000 (but can vary)

39. Energy Introduction to Chemistry Hindenburg- Hydrogen Gas Explosion Safety Protocol: 1.Do NOT touch anything on the back table until instructed to do so. 2.Follow Lab Directions (if you are unsure, then ask). 3.Notify teacher of spills, broken or breaking glassware, and any other problems.

40. Energy Energy Transformations Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about energy transformations. - Energy Transformations and Conservation

41. Energy QuestionAnswer Asking Questions Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions. What is an energy transformation? An energy transformation is a change from one form of energy to another. What are some examples of transformations between potential and kinetic energy? Juggling and pendulums show transformations between potential and kinetic energy. What is conservation of energy? The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. - Energy Transformations and Conservation

42. Energy End of Section: Energy Transformations and Conservation

43. Energy - Energy and Fossil Fuels Use of Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels can be burned to release the chemical energy stored millions of years ago.

44. Energy Previewing Visuals When you preview, you look ahead at the material to be read. Preview Figure 18. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. Using Fossil Fuel Energy Q. What energy transformation occurs in the sun? A. Nuclear energy to thermal energy and electromagnetic energy Q. What energy transformation takes place when coal is burned? A. Chemical energy to thermal energy - Energy and Fossil Fuels

45. Energy Links on Energy Transformations Click the SciLinks button for links on energy transformations. - Energy and Fossil Fuels

46. Energy Use of Fossil Fuels Click the Video button to watch a movie about the use of fossil fuels. - Energy and Fossil Fuels

47. Energy End of Section: Energy and Fossil Fuels

48. Energy exists as measured in is the ability to do can be which at a given rate is Graphic Organizer Kinetic energy Energy Potential energy Elastic WorkJoules GravitationalPower

49. Energy End of Section: Graphic Organizer