1. European diversity Sander van der Leeuw School of Human Evolution and Social Change Arizona State University Sander van der Leeuw School of Human Evolution and Social Change Arizona State University 10/19/07

2. Europe’s diversity in 1519

3. Europe’s unity in 2006

4. Different histories Much of the basic structure of Europe harks back to the Roman Empire and beyond The ‘Dark Ages’ saw a decrease in structuration down to the village level From the 11th century, a slow, bottom-up, restructuration Different in different parts of the continent: France vs. Britain (1100’s to 1700’s): did the state create the nation or vv? Netherlands and Iberia (1400’s and 1500’s): the role of the trade Empires Germany and Italy: very late unification (1850’s-1870’s) under pressure from the top (Bismarck) and the bottom (Garibaldi and Cavour) Southeastern Europe under the Turks until 1917 Belgium (created 1815) is still not sure Much of the basic structure of Europe harks back to the Roman Empire and beyond The ‘Dark Ages’ saw a decrease in structuration down to the village level From the 11th century, a slow, bottom-up, restructuration Different in different parts of the continent: France vs. Britain (1100’s to 1700’s): did the state create the nation or vv? Netherlands and Iberia (1400’s and 1500’s): the role of the trade Empires Germany and Italy: very late unification (1850’s-1870’s) under pressure from the top (Bismarck) and the bottom (Garibaldi and Cavour) Southeastern Europe under the Turks until 1917 Belgium (created 1815) is still not sure

5. Fifty years of European Integration Began just after WWII ECSC Treaty (1951) Euratom Treaty (1957) EEC Treaty (1957): six nations Single European Act (1986): twelve nations Maastricht Treaty on European Union (1992) 1995: fifteen nations Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) Treaty of Nice: (2001) 2004: ten new nations in C and E Europe Failed attempt at new constitution (2005) Began just after WWII ECSC Treaty (1951) Euratom Treaty (1957) EEC Treaty (1957): six nations Single European Act (1986): twelve nations Maastricht Treaty on European Union (1992) 1995: fifteen nations Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) Treaty of Nice: (2001) 2004: ten new nations in C and E Europe Failed attempt at new constitution (2005)

6. Some statistics … Area: 23 million km 2 (8 876 000 mi 2 ) Population: 728 million Languages: English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Irish, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Icelandic, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Polish, Lithuanian, Lettonian, Estonian, Russian, Basque, etc. Legal systems: Anglo-Saxon, Napoleonic, German Wealth differentials: Per capita GNP varies between $ 18,000 (Czech republic) and $ 60,000 (Luxemburg and Ireland), with most countries between $ 22,000 (Greece) and $ 32,000 (Ireland)

7. A huge enterprise Comparable to the unification of the US, except that the latter was relatively under-populated at the time Conceived by visionary leaders, who had little idea of the changes for the average European Some positive effects Peace Tourism Economic reconfiguration Reconstitution of political power Some negative effects: Political reconfiguration (large and small nations, regions) Bureaucratization: EU as the big bad wolf Role of agriculture Knowledge gap Comparable to the unification of the US, except that the latter was relatively under-populated at the time Conceived by visionary leaders, who had little idea of the changes for the average European Some positive effects Peace Tourism Economic reconfiguration Reconstitution of political power Some negative effects: Political reconfiguration (large and small nations, regions) Bureaucratization: EU as the big bad wolf Role of agriculture Knowledge gap

8. ‘Europeanizing the scientific community’ Since the mid-1980’s a concerted attempt at transforming science: Mobility, building of research networks, strengthening, creating complementarities Leveling out the playing field between Western Europe and the rest, to engage a larger community Series of Research and Technology Development programs (7 to date over some 25 years) Industry driven, focused on specific actions negotiated between the nations New class of scientists born Currently first attempt at ‘blue skies research’ (ERC) Since the mid-1980’s a concerted attempt at transforming science: Mobility, building of research networks, strengthening, creating complementarities Leveling out the playing field between Western Europe and the rest, to engage a larger community Series of Research and Technology Development programs (7 to date over some 25 years) Industry driven, focused on specific actions negotiated between the nations New class of scientists born Currently first attempt at ‘blue skies research’ (ERC)

9. A crucial role for social sciences The need to better understand what happens socially Europe is only just awakening to that need Shock of the failed constitution Research Framework plans 6 and 7 begin to give it a place Each country its own tradition, organization, questions, language Three main actors: institutions, communities, funders The need to better understand what happens socially Europe is only just awakening to that need Shock of the failed constitution Research Framework plans 6 and 7 begin to give it a place Each country its own tradition, organization, questions, language Three main actors: institutions, communities, funders

10. Institutions Universities, Research Organizations, National Academies, NGO’s, Industry-related Different objectives, constraints, decision-making, customs Examples: France, UK, Netherlands, Germany, E. Europe Centralization vs. independence of institutions Facilities long under-funded, but change in pipeline MSH, Data-Networks, Centers for Advanced Study Problems with SS data: access, comparability, language Economics the main exception Universities, Research Organizations, National Academies, NGO’s, Industry-related Different objectives, constraints, decision-making, customs Examples: France, UK, Netherlands, Germany, E. Europe Centralization vs. independence of institutions Facilities long under-funded, but change in pipeline MSH, Data-Networks, Centers for Advanced Study Problems with SS data: access, comparability, language Economics the main exception

11. Communities Individual versus group research No sense of community, even nationally Long period of no-win territorial battles Language barriers go deeper than in natural and life sciences SS born in many cases in nationalist context Focused on national issues and questions Different balance between ‘universal’ and ‘plural’ Difficult to translate and transpose Political barriers do not simplify life Individual versus group research No sense of community, even nationally Long period of no-win territorial battles Language barriers go deeper than in natural and life sciences SS born in many cases in nationalist context Focused on national issues and questions Different balance between ‘universal’ and ‘plural’ Difficult to translate and transpose Political barriers do not simplify life

12. Funders Different in each country, plus EU level Most funding is public in one way or another Spread & role of Foundations very uneven, but generally less than US Problem with diversity of sources Control over funding: National vs. European SS come in at a time when shift to National is occurring More territorial, more bureaucratic, more control of scientific establishment, less innovative and risk-taking Different in each country, plus EU level Most funding is public in one way or another Spread & role of Foundations very uneven, but generally less than US Problem with diversity of sources Control over funding: National vs. European SS come in at a time when shift to National is occurring More territorial, more bureaucratic, more control of scientific establishment, less innovative and risk-taking

13. Conclusion Diversity is a strength, but it is difficult to harness it The EU is slowly making a big difference The importance of institutional (vs. individual) networking US and EU are in different stages of their development EU more aware of need to share, to regulate, to organize This is more than politics and government: Awareness of limits, need to live together, strength in association Diversity is a strength, but it is difficult to harness it The EU is slowly making a big difference The importance of institutional (vs. individual) networking US and EU are in different stages of their development EU more aware of need to share, to regulate, to organize This is more than politics and government: Awareness of limits, need to live together, strength in association