1. 1903-1950 WWI The Spanish Civil War The Russian Revolution Nazi Germany Fascist Italy WWII

2.  Totalitarianism refers to any system of government that has complete and total control of all aspects of life: wealth, speech, labour, ownership, beliefs, loyalties, education, health, movement and so on.

3.  Orwell witnessed totalitarianism in its various forms. His novels and essays reflect his fears for the world should totalitarianism spread.  Animal farm, published in 1945, is a “cautionary tale”; a warning to its readers.

4. 1917

7. Karl Marx’s social and political model (Marxism) called for:  State ownership of industry and land.  Equal distribution of wealth to abolish poverty and oppression.  From Marxism evolved the Communist political models around the world.

8.  The Russian people’s movement to remove the Tsar, and form a communist state.

9.  Leader of Russia’s ruling Communist Party 1922 to 1957.

10.  The Great Purges: Stalin imprisons or kills those who oppose his words or actions.

11.  The Gulags (“correctional labour camps”).

12.  The KGB or secret police.

13.  Pravda: the propaganda organisation that promoted Stalin’s policies and actions as being good for Russia and its people.