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Published byMadeline Lloyd Modified over 9 years ago
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Cartilage Structure No nerves or blood vessels Surrounded by perichondrium Matrix Lacunae Chondrocyte
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Cartilage Hyaline Support with flexibility & strength Most abundant Very fine collage fibers Articular cartilage Costal cartilage Respiratory cartilage/nasal cartilage Larynx
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Cartilage Elastic Lots of elastic fibers Withstand repeated bending External ear Epiglottis
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Cartilage Fibrocartilage Compressible Tensile strength Alternating rows of chondrocytes and collagen Meniscus Intervertebral disc Pubic Symphysis
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Cartilage Growth of cartilage –Appositional growth –Interstitial growth
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Skeletal System Divisions –Axial –Appendicular
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Skeletal System Bone shapes –Long bones –Short bones –Flat bones –Irregular bones
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Skeletal System Functions of bone –Support –Protection –Allow movement –Mineral storage –Hematopoiesis –Detoxification
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Skeletal System Structure of a long bone –Diaphysis –Medullary cavity –Epiphysis
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Skeletal System Structure of a long bone –Periosteum –Endosteum –Compact bone –Spongy bone –Nutrient foramen
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Skeletal System Microscopic anatomy/Compact bone –Haversian system Lamella Haversian canal Volkmann’s canals Lacunae Osteocytes Canaliculi
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Skeletal System Microscopic anatomy/Compact bone –Interstitial lamellae –Circumferential lamellae
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Skeletal System Microscopic anatomy/Spongy bone –Trabeculae –Irregularly arranged lamellae –Osteocytes –Canaliculi –No osteons
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Skeletal System Chemical Composition of Bone –Organic Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteoid –Proteoglycans –Glycoproteins –Collagen fibers –Sacrificial bonds
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Skeletal System Chemical Composition of Bone –Inorganic compounds Hydroxyapatites –Calcium phosphates
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Skeletal System Bone development –Intramembraneous ossification Ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous matrix
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Skeletal System Bone development –Intramembraneous ossification Woven bone and periosteum form Bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears
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Skeletal System Bone development –Endochondrial ossification Bony collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and cavitates
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Skeletal System Bone development –Endochondrial ossification Periosteal bud invaded the internal cavities and spongy bone forms The diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms
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Skeletal System Bone development –Endochondrial ossification The epiphysis ossify. Secondary ossification centers form.
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Skeletal System Growth in Length –Growth zone –Transformation zone –Osteogenic zone
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Skeletal System Growth in Width –Appositional growth –Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum secrete matrix. –Osteoclasts on endosteal surface remove bone. –Less breakdown than secretion.
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Skeletal System Hormone Control –Growth hormones –Sex hormones
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Skeletal System Remodeling –Bone deposition Osteoblasts Vitamin C, D, and A Ca, P, Mg, and Mn Alkaline phosphatase
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Skeletal System Remodeling –Bone resorption Osteoclasts Resorption bays Ruffled border –Lysosomal enzymes –Hydrochloric acid
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Skeletal System Remodeling –Hormonal control PTH –Stimulates osctoclasts –Calcium is released into blood stream Calcitonin –Inhibits bone resorptin –Encourages calcium deposition
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Skeletal System Remodeling –Mechanical stress Wolff’s Law – Long bones are thickest midway along diaphysis – Curved bones are thickest where the are most likely to buckle – Trabeculae of spongy bone form struts along lines of compression. – Large, bony projections occur where heavy muscles attach.
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Skeletal System Fracture Repair –Classification of fractures Position of ends – Displaced – Nondisplaced Degree of break – Complete – Incomplete
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Skeletal System Fracture Repair –Classification of fractures Orientation of break – Linear – Transverse Soft tissue damage – Open – Closed
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Skeletal System Fracture Repair –Healing process Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus forms Bony callus forms Bone remodeling
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Skeletal System Disorders –Osteomalacia –Rickets –Osteoporosis –Paget’s disease
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