1. COMP 110 Introduction to Programming Mr. Joshua Stough August 29, 2007 Monday/Wednesday/Friday 3:00-4:15 Gardner Hall 307

2. Announcements Recitation –make sure you bring your textbook and laptop. Email –put COMP 110 in the subject line Questions –What type of programming would we be capable of doing at the end of the semester? –How does java programming help me with Biomedical Engineering, job market? –How closely will we cover recursion? –Online book?

3. Questions about PROG 1 It may well serve you better to type the code yourself, even if it’s just copying code from another program. –That way, you make mistakes that you know how to fix, and hopefully fewer mistakes later.

4. Last Time in COMP 110 Parts of a Computer Binary Numbers Algorithms PROG1 and HOMEWORK 1 assigned –due Wednesday Sep 5 at 11:59pm

5. Review, Hardware vs. Software A computer is made up of hardware and software Hardware Software CPU - ex: 1.8 GHz Core 2 Duo input/output - keyboard - 15.4” wide screen LCD - network card main memory - ex: 2 GB RAM secondary memory - ex: 160 GB hard drive operating systems - Windows XP - Mac OS X applications - games - Microsoft Word - Mozilla Firefox

6. Review Hardware Organization motherboard CPU memory hard drive

7. Review Main Memory (with 100 cells) Each memory cell has a numeric address, which uniquely identifies it

8. Review Binary Numbers N bits to represent 2 N values N bits represent values 0 to 2 N -1 Example: 5 bits –32 unique values (0-31) –00000 = 0 –11111 = 31 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1

9. Review Problem Solving Steps: –understand the problem how would you solve the problem (as a human, without a computer) –dissect the problem into manageable pieces –design a solution –consider alternatives to the solution and refine it –implement the solution –test the solution and fix any problems that exist

10. Review Questions 1. What is the maximum decimal value that a 4-bit binary number can represent? 2. What is the binary number for 17? 3. Before the CPU can execute instructions, they must first be loaded from 4. What is the first and most important step in writing a program? 15 10001 main memory analysis, or understanding the problem

11. Today in COMP 14 Basic elements of a Java program –special symbols –identifiers –data types –operators –expressions –Strings Textbook Ref: Ch 2 (pgs. 21-40)

12. Reading Check-Up 1.The rules of a language determine which instructions are valid. 2.True or False? Hello! is an example of a legal Java identifier. 3.If an operator has an integer and a floating- point operand, the result of the operation is a number. 4.The expression (int) (9.2) evaluates to syntax False floating-point 9

13. Introduction Computer program: a sequence of statements whose objective is to accomplish a task Programming: process of planning and creating a program Programming language: a set of rules, symbols, and special words

14. Cooking / Programming 1. It is usually easier to follow a recipe than to create one. 2. There are good recipes and bad recipes. 3. Some recipes are easy to follow and some are difficult to follow. 4. Some recipes produce reliable results and some do not. 5. You must have some knowledge of how to use cooking tools to follow a recipe to completion. 6. To create good new recipes, you must have much knowledge and understanding of cooking.

15. Sample Java Program public class Hello { public static void main (String[] args) { System.out.println ("Hi There!"); } Upon execution, this program displays Hi There!

16. Programming Languages Programming languages have rules of grammar just as English does syntax rules - which statements are legal and which are not semantic rules - determine the meaning of the instructions token - smallest individual unit of a program –special symbols –word symbols –identifiers

17. Special Symbols +-*/.;?, =

18. Word Symbols aka reserved words, or keywords int float double char void public static throws return reserved words are always all lowercase each word symbol is considered to be a single symbol cannot be used for anything other than their intended purpose in a program shown in blue typewriter font in textbook full table in Appendix A

19. Identifiers Names of things (variables, constants, methods) in your programs Can be composed of any combination of letters, digits, underscore (_), and dollar sign ($) Cannot begin with a digit May be any length Java is case-sensitive –Total, total, and TOTAL are different identifiers

20. Illegal Identifiers

21. Questions Classify the following as legal or illegal identifiers: 1. My First Program 2. my1stProgram 3. 1stProgram 4. $money 5. an_identifier 6. Jane'sProgram illegal legal illegal legal illegal

22. Primitive Data Types What’s A Data Type? A set of values and the operations that can be performed on those values Primitive data are fundamental values such as numbers and characters Operations are performed on primitive types using built-in operators

23. Primitive Data Types 8 primitive data types in Java –4 represent integers byte, short, int, long –2 represent floating point numbers float, double –1 represents characters char –1 represents boolean values boolean

24. Primitive Data Types Numeric Types The difference between the various numeric primitive types is their size, and therefore the values they can store: Type byte short int long float double Storage 8 bits 16 bits 32 bits 64 bits 32 bits 64 bits Min Value -128 -32,768 -2,147,483,648 < -9 x 10 18 +/- 3.4 x 10 38 with 7 significant digits +/- 1.7 x 10 308 with 15 significant digits Max Value 127 32,767 2,147,483,647 > 9 x 10 18

25. Integers Examples: -6728, -67, 0, 78, 36782 Positive integers do not have a '+' sign in front of them (but they can) No commas are used in an integer –commas in Java are used to separate items in a list

26. Primitive Data Types Characters A char stores a single character from the Unicode character set –an ordered list of characters, and each character corresponds to a unique number –uses 16 bits per character, allowing for 65,536 unique characters Character literals are delimited by single quotes: 'a' 'X' '7' ' ' '$' ',' '\n' newline character (we'll discuss later)

27. Primitive Data Types Booleans Only two valid values –true or false –uses 1 bit for storage Represent any situation that has 2 states –on - off –true - false true and false are reserved words

28. Expression - a combination of one or more operands and their operators Arithmetic expressions compute numeric results and make use of the arithmetic operators: If either or both operands associated with an arithmetic operator are floating point, the result is a floating point Addition+ Subtraction- Multiplication* Division/ Remainder% Arithmetic Expressions

29. If both operands to the division operator (/) are integers, the result is an integer (the fractional part is discarded) The remainder, or modulus, operator (%) returns the remainder after dividing the second operand into the first (only works with integer types) 14 / 3 equals? 8 / 12 equals? 4 0 14 % 3 equals? 8 % 12 equals? 2 8 Division and Remainder

30. Unary vs. Binary Operators Unary operators –has only one operand –example: - (negative, not subtraction) -5 Binary operators –has two operands –example: - (subtraction) 5 - 3

31. Operator Precedence Determines the order in which operators are evaluated: 1.multiplication, division, and remainder 2.addition, subtraction, and string concatenation 3.arithmetic operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right Parentheses can be used to force the evaluation order (just like in math)

32. Operator Precedence What is the order of evaluation in the following expressions? a + b + c + d + e 1432 a + b * c - d / e 3241 a / (b + c) - d % e 2341 a / (b * (c + (d - e))) 4123

33. Integral Expressions All operands are integers Result is an integer Examples: 2 + 3 * 5 3 + x – y / 7 x + 2 * (y – z) + 18

34. Floating-point Expressions All operands are floating-point numbers Result is a floating-point Examples: 12.8 * 17.5 – 34.50 x * 10.5 + y - 16.2 7.0 / 3.5

35. Mixed Expressions Operands of different types Examples: 2 + 3.5 6 / 4 + 3.9 Integer operands yield an integer result Floating-point operands yield a floating-point result If both types of operands are present, the result is a floating-point number –implicit type coercion Precedence rules are followed 2.0 + 3.5 1 + 3.91.0 + 3.9

36. Type Conversion (Casting) Used to avoid implicit type coercion Syntax (dataTypeName) expression Expression evaluated first, then type converted to dataTypeName Examples: (int) (7.9 + 6.7) = 14 (int) (7.9) + (int)(6.7) = 13

37. Questions Evaluate These Expressions 1.(5 + 4) % 6 2.(5 + 6) % 3.5 3.(double) (13) / 2 4.(double) (13 / 2) 9 % 6 3 11 % 3.5 not possible (double) (6) 6.0 13.0 / 2 6.5

38. The class String String –sequence of zero or more characters –enclosed in double quotation marks –null or empty strings have no characters –numeric strings consist of integers or decimal numbers –length is the number of characters in a string The class String is used to manipulate strings Examples: –"Hello World" –"1234" –"45.67" –""

39. Strings Every character has a position in the string (starting with 0) "Hello World" The length of the string is the number of characters in it –what's the length of "Hello World"? 0123456789... 11 (count the space)

40. Parsing Numeric Strings In Java, input from the user comes in the form of a string –we need to know how to get the number values out of the string Numeric String –a string with only integers or decimal numbers –"6723", "-823", "345.76"

41. Parsing Numeric Strings String to int Integer.parseInt(strExpression) Integer.parseInt("6723")6723 String to float Float.parseFloat(strExpression) Float.parseFloat("345.76")345.76 String to double Double.parseDouble(strExpression) Double.parseDouble("1234.56") 1234.56

42. Summary Identifiers –can be composed of any combination of letters, digits, underscore (_), and dollar sign ($) –cannot begin with a digit –Java is case-sensitive Data Types –main integer type: int –main floating-point type: double –others: char, boolean

43. Arithmetic Operators: If one of the operands is floating-point, the result is a floating-point Can only use % with two integer operands Casting –(int) (54.9) - truncates the floating-point number –(double) (23) - adds a.0 to the integer addition+ subtraction- multiplication* division/ remainder (mod)% Summary

44. Next Time in COMP 110 Wednesday –input, variables, increment/decrement, Strings and '+' operator –Remember, you’re responsible for Ch. 2