1. Forensic Serology Forensic Science

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3. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. The Composition of Blood A complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances It mainly consists of – Erythrocytes = red blood cells (rbc) – Leukocytes = white blood cells (wbc) – Platelets = clotting factors – Plasma = the liquid part 3

4. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. The Composition of Blood (continued) Antigens, usually proteins, are located on surface of rbc’s and are responsible for blood types Antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens There is a specific antibody for every antigen that will react to form clumps; this is known as agglutination 4

5. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. A-B-O Blood System Blood Type Antigens on Red Blood Cells Antibodies in Serum AAanti-B BBanti-A ABA and BNeither anti-A nor B ONeither A nor BBoth anti-A and B Type A agglutinates with anti-A, B agglutinates with anti- B, AB agglutinates with both anti-A and anti-B, and O will not agglutinate with either serum 5

6. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Blood Donors and Recipients BLOOD TYPE DONATES TO RECEIVES FROM AA, ABA, O BB, ABB, O ABABA, B, BA, O OA, B, AB, OO Type AB blood is known as the universal recipient and Type O, which is the most common among humans, is known as the universal donor 6

7. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. RH Factor Rh (Rhesus) factor is another important blood antigen It is a protein that some people carry, sometimes referred to as the D antigen People with the D antigen are said to be Rh positive (+) and those without are Rh negative (-) Important to the compatibility of donors and recipients An Rh+ person can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood, but an Rh- person can only receive Rh- The blood is Rh+ if it agglutinates with anti-D or Rh- if it does not 7

8. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Genetics of Blood Blood types are determined by looking at 2 inherited genes (one from each parent) There are 3 alleles for blood types: A, B, and O, with 6 possible combinations BLOOD TYPE ALLELE COMBINATIONS AAA, AO BBB, BOAB OOO 8

9. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Punnet Square for Blood A Punnet square can be used to determine the blood types of offspring from specific parent genotypes Example: what are the possible blood types for the offspring belonging to a Type AB female and a Type O male? Answer: Type A and Type B 9

10. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. The Forensics of Blood Investigators must answer 3 questions: – Is it blood? – Is it human or animal blood? – Whose blood is it? 10

11. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Is It Blood? Presumptive (color) tests – Kastle-Meyer – turns bright pink; used for visible stains – Luminol – glows a luminescent blue; used for invisible stains 11

12. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Is It Human or Animal Blood? Precipitin test – Human blood is injected into an animal (usually a rabbit) – Antibodies neutralize the invading human blood to form human antiserum – The questioned bloodstain is layered on top of the antiserum in a capillary tube – A band is formed at the interface of the two liquids *Other commonly encountered animal blood can be tested this way as well to have a supply of antisera from different organisms 12

13. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Whose Blood Is It? A DNA analysis must be performed to determine exactly who the blood belongs to 13

14. Characterization of Blood Evidence CLASS CHARACTERISTICS What species does it belong to? What blood type is it? What is the Rh factor? Does the evidence have diseases present? INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS DNA analysis 14 Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

15. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Important factors of blood spatter – Appearance – Distribution – Location 15

16. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (continued) Sources of bloodstains include Passive (dripping) Transfer Projected 16

17. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (continued) Surface texture can change the appearance of a blood drop The direction of travel can be determined when blood strikes a surface because the pointed end of each drop faces its direction of travel The angle of impact is determined by measuring the width and the length of the drop, dividing the width by the length, then finding the inverse sin – The drop will be circular at right angles to the surface – As the angle decreases, the drop elongates 17

18. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (continued) The origin of spatter – Draw straight lines through the long axis of several bloodstains – The intersection is called the area of convergence 18

19. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Other Body Fluids: Saliva Consists of – Water – Mucin, for swallowing – Amylase, for digestion – Buccal cells; cheek cells A good source of DNA 19

20. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Other Body Fluids: Saliva (continued) It is particularly associated with sexual assaults and bite marks Test for Saliva – Mix starch, iodine, and the sample of presumed saliva – Starch turns dark blue or purple in the presence of iodine – However, amylase breaks down starch – If the sample is saliva, the color will fade 20

21. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Other Body Fluids: Semen Consists of – Water – Spermatozoa – Enzymes – Inorganic salts 21

22. Other Body Fluids: Semen (continued) PRESUMPTIVE TEST Semen fluoresces under UV light Acid phosphatase, an enzyme secreted by the prostate gland, turns purple to indicate semen is present CONFIRMATORY TEST Microscopic examination may reveal spermatozoa DNA typing must be done to individualize the sample 22 Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

23. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Other Body Fluids: Urine Most often, urine is used in the identification of the presence of specific drugs in the body EMIT (Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique) reveals how antibodies bind to specific drugs that may be present in urine 23

24. 0135158494, Saferstein, Richard. Forensic Science: An Introduction. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011. 0536522820, Saferstein, Richard. Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science. 8 th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ; Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. Do an Internet search for the following: The Case of Dr. Samuel Sheppard by Fred McGunagle 24 Resources Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.