1. 1 Eric Norman Nuclear Engineering Dept. UC Berkeley and LBNL http://www.lbl.gov/abc/

2. 2 The Four Elements Earth Air FireWater

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4. 4 The Beginning of Nuclear Science Scientists in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s made discoveries which would change the course of science and medicine. Henri Becquerel Marie and Pierre Curie

5. 5 Atomic and Nuclear Stucture l Atom - smallest unit of a chemical element F Size on the order of 10 -8 cm (1 Angstrom) F Contains Z electrons (Q e = -1e, m e = 0.511 MeV/c 2 ) – e = 1.602x10 -19 Coulomb – and n Nucleus – F Size on the order of 10 -13 cm (1 Fermi ) F Contains more than 99.9% of the mass of the atom F Made of Z protons and N neutrons F Proton (Q p = +1e, m p = 938.28 MeV/c 2 ) F Neutron (Q n = 0, m n = 939.57 MeV/c 2 ) F A = Atomic mass = Z + N F Held together by strong nuclear force Z X N where X = chemical symbol A

6. 6 Structure of the Nucleus

7. 7 Radioactivity Ernest Rutherford determined there were 3 kinds of radioactivity

8. 8 Nuclear Reactions

9. 9 E = mc 2  m = E/c 2 Typical nuclear energies are on the order of millions of electron volts (MeV) 1 eV = 1.602x10 -19 joule A Bit of Special Relativity Albert Einstein

10. 10 Relativistic Collisions (RHIC) Medium Energy (JLAB) Low Energy (small accelerators) Nuclear Astrophysics (small accelerators, FRIB)