1. CHAPTER 5 BOND PRICES AND RISKS

2. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Time Value of Money A dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future. Current income may be spent on current consumption or saved by investing in real assets (machines and equipments) or by investing in financial assets (stocks and bonds).

3. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Time Value of Money With a positive time preference for consumption, investment (real or financial) means giving up consumption (opportunity cost). The opportunity cost of giving up consumption is known as the time value of money. It is the required return on a risk- free investment (the interest rate).

4. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Future Value The future value (FV) of a present value (PV) is FV n = (1+i) n PV 0 (1+i) n is referred to as the Future Value Interest Factor (FVIF). Multiply the FVIF by the PV to calculate the FV.

5. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Present Value The present value of a future value is PV 0 = FV n /(1+i) n 1/(1+i) n is referred to as the Present Value Interest Factor (PVIF). Multiply the PVIF by the FV to calculate the PV. Given the time value of money, one is indifferent between the present value or the future value.

6. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Valuing a Financial Asset There are two components for valuing financial assets: Estimates of future cash flows including the timing and size of each cash flow. An appropriate discount rate must reflect the risk of the asset.

7. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pricing of Coupon Bonds A fixed-rate bond is a contract detailing the face/par value, the coupon rate, and maturity date. The coupon rate equals the market interest rate on similar bonds when the bond is issued. In a fixed-rate bond, the interest income (coupon payment) remains fixed throughout the term to maturity.

8. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pricing of Coupon Bonds The value of a bond is the present value of future cash flows discounted at the market interest rate, i C i is the coupon payment and F n is the face or par value of the bond. Cash flows are assumed to flow at the end of the period and are assumed to be reinvested at i. Bonds typically pay interest semiannually. Increasing i decreases the price of the bond.

9. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pricing of Zero-Coupon Bonds Bonds that pay no interest payments are called zero-coupon bonds. The value of the "zero" bond is P = F n /(1 + i) n. Zero-coupon bonds sells at a discount. There is no coupon payments with zeros and thus, no reinvestment risk. The yield-to-maturity is the realized yield if the bond is held to maturity.

10. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Bond Yields Bond yield is the interest rate which equates the price of the bond with the discounted expected cash flows of the bond. A measure of the bond yield should reflect all three cash flows from the bond and their timing: Coupon payments. Interest income from reinvestment of coupon payments. Any capital gain or loss incurred if the bond is sold before maturity.

11. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Bond Yields The yield-to-maturity is the expected yield if the bond is held to maturity and the coupon payments are reinvested at the yield-to-maturity. The yield-to-maturity varies inversely with bond price. When the bond is selling at par, the coupon rate approximates the market interest rate.

12. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Bond Yields If the coupon rate is less than the market interest rate on similar bonds, the bond will sell below its face value – at a discount. If the coupon rate is higher than the market interest rate on similar bonds, the bond will sell above its face value – at a premium.

13. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Bond Yields The realized yield is the actual yield, given the cash flows actually received. It may differ from the yield-to-maturity due to: A change in market interest rates since the purchase of the bond, thus affecting the reinvestment rate of the coupons – reinvestment risk. The bond may be sold before maturity at a price different from its par value – price risk.

14. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Bond Risks Credit or Default Risk is the chance that some or all of the interest payments or face value will be delayed or not paid Reinvestment Risk: Variability in the realized yield caused by changing interest rates when coupons are reinvestment. Price Risk: Variability in the realized yield caused by changing interest rates when bonds are sold before maturity. Reinvestment risk and interest rate risk offset one another, depending upon maturity and coupon rates.

15. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Bond Price Volatility The percentage change in bond price for a given change in yield is bond price volatility. %  P = the percentage change in price. P t = the new price in period t. P t-1 = the price one period earlier.

16. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Bond Facts Bond yields vary inversely with bond prices. Bond volatility increases as maturity increases. Bond volatility decreases as coupon rates increase.

17. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Relationship Between Price, Maturity, Yield, and Price Volatility

18. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Relationship Between Price, Coupon Rate, Yield, and Price Volatility

19. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Duration Duration is a measure of interest rate risk that considers both coupon rate and maturity. Duration is the ratio of the sum of the time- weighted discounted cash flows divided by the price of the bond. Duration equals maturity for zero-coupon bonds.

20. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Duration Calculations D = duration. CF t = interest or face value at time t. t = time period in which cash flow is received. n = number of periods to maturity. i = the yield-to-maturity (interest rate).

21. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Duration Calculations Calculate duration of a bond with 3 years to maturity, an 8% coupon rate paid annually, and a yield-to-maturity of 10%.

22. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Duration for Bonds Yielding 10% (Annual Compounding)

23. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Duration Facts The longer the duration, the higher is price volatility. Bonds with higher coupon rates have shorter durations. Generally, bonds with longer maturities have longer durations.

24. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Duration Facts Except for bonds with a single payment, duration is less than maturity. For bonds with a single payment duration equals maturity. The higher the yield-to-maturity, the shorter is duration.

25. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Using Duration to Estimate Bond Price Volatility The percentage change in bond price for a given change in the interest rate using duration can be estimated by

26. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Bond Risk Management Zero-Coupon Approach: Zero-coupon bonds have no reinvestment risk. The duration of a zero equals its maturity. Buy zero-coupon bonds with maturity equal to the desired holding period and lock-in the yield-to-maturity. Duration-Matching Approach: Select a portfolio of bonds with duration matching the desired holding period. Eliminates price risk and reinvestment risk, and lock-in the yield-to- maturity, but may require portfolio rebalancing → can be costly.

27. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Managing Interest Rate Risk with Duration Maturity-Matching Approach: Buy bonds with maturity equal to the desired holding period - eliminates price risk, but not reinvestment risk.