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LARGE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION Katherine Jahnes MD Colorectal Conference St Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center November 10, 2005
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Case A 83 yo male presents with increasing abdominal distention s/p failed sigmoidoscopy/ colonoscopy PMH: Alzheimer’s Disease, HTN, COPD, glaucoma PSH: pacemaker placement (2001 for bradycardia) and left hip repair (2001) PE: Lungs clear, Abdomen distended but soft with hyperactive BS, TTP diffusely, LLQ>LUQ, no rebound
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Case A 20 year history of sigmoid volvulus Managed by sigmoidoscopy reduction as outpatient three time a week On day of admission attempts at reduction where unsuccessful Films were obtained
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Case A
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Pt underwent a sigmoid resection Findings: Sigmoid volvulus with 3 360 degree turns around mesentery No sigmoid ischemia Rectum, descending colon healthy and viable Sigmoid resected with primary anastomosis of descending colon to rectum
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Case B 71 year old female with 2 week history of increasing abdominal distention and no bowel movements PMH: HTN, DM, CVA- residual aphasia, hemiparesis PSH: none PE: Abdomen: (? Rectal- gas in vault?) NT, Bowel sounds present, tympanitic
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Case B Radiology:
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Case B Operative findings:
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Large Bowel Obstruction: Causes Obstruction- mechanical interruption of the flow of intestinal contents Volvulus Intussuception Neoplasia (60% of cases) Colorectal CLL Diverticular Strictures/ IBD Pseudo-obstruction- dilation of the bowel in the absence of a causative anatomic lesion
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Pseudoobstruction- Ogilvie’s syndrome Distention of colon with signs and symptoms of colonic obstruction without a mechanical cause for the obstruction May be acute or chronic Acute: usually involves only colon, and more commonly effects patients with chronic renal, respiratory, cerebral or cardiovascular disease Chronic: can effect other parts of the GI tract and tends to recur Primary pseudoobstruction- a motility disorder familial visceral myopathy Diffuse disorder involving autonomic innervation of intestinal wall Secondary – more common. Associated with: neuroleptics, opiates, metabolic illness, myxedema, DM, uremia, hyperPTH, lupus, scleroderma, Parkinson’s, traumatic retroperitoneal hematomas Associated with sympathetic overactivity suppressing parasympathetics
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Pseudoobstruction- Ogilvie’s syndrome Diagnosis Water soluable contrast enema Can differentiate between mechanical and pseudoobstruction Colonoscopy Can also be used for treatment Initial treatment NGT Resuscitation Neostigmine (parasympathomimetic) 2.5 mg IV over 3 minutes, with resolution in 10 minutes Bradycardia is a side effect- atropine must be available
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Volvulus Bowel is twisted on mesenteric axis resulting in complete or partial obstruction of the bowel lumen as well as possible vascular impairment Represents about 5% of large bowel obstructions Associated factors- chronic constipation Aging institutionalization (neuropyschiatric conditions treated with pyschotrophic drugs) in the developing world- possible association with high fiber diets Characteristically affected bowel is attached to long floppy mesentery fixed to retroperitoneum with a narrow base
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Volvulus Most commonly sigmoid, also right colon and terminal ileum (cecal volvulus), cecum alone (due to a highly mobile cecum called a cecal bascule- mobile in caudad to cephalad direction), and rarely transverse colon (photo: barium enema of cecal volvulus, contrast stops at hepatic flexure (arrowhead) and air filled cecum crosses midline of abdomen in LUQ)
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Volvulus Presentation: may be acute or subacute Sudden onset of severe abdominal pain, vomiting, obstipation Abdomen is distended and tympanitic, often dramatically Radiographic findings- AXR: markedly dilated colon with an air-fluid level, no gas in rectum CT: mesenteric whirl (at right) Contrast enema: bird’s beak
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Volvulus Treatment: Decompression with rectal tube placed via proctoscope or colonoscopy, with rectal tube left in place for 1-2 days. Often a sudden gush of gas and fluid is released upon decompression Detorsion with colonoscope Sigmoid resection Hartmann’s procedure- emergent if decompression not successful If decompression is successful; redundant bowel may be removed laparoscopically with primary anastomosis electively (perform colonoscopy first to r/o neoplasm)
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Neoplasm Presentation, treatment, and multivariate anaysis of risk factors for obstructive and perforative colorectal carcinoma Alvarez et al, American Journal of Surgery 190(3): Sept 2005 A high proportion of colon cancers present as surgical emergencies Acute obstruction, perforation or both Associated with high morbidity and mortality
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Retrospective study 936 consecutive pts underwent surgery for primary colorectal carcinoma 107 (11.4%) underwent emergency surgery Indications: history and physical consistent with peritonitis Intrabdominal abscess with systemic signs of sepsis Clinical signs of obstruction and radiographic evidence thereof not responding to conservative measures within 4 days of hospitalization Study excluded pts with crohn’s, UC, other types of neoplasm, FAP, h/o operations at outside hospitals, and those not requiring surgery
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Of 107 pts, 83 (78%) had complete obstruction and 24 (22%) had perforation Sigmoid was most common location Comorbid conditions were present in 70% of pts- HTN, CV, COPD, DM. Males predominated in the obstruction group Advance tumor stage was seen in 70% of the obstructing pts and in 54% of the perforated pts Overall/ curative resection rate for obstructed pts was 85/ 83% respectively Mean OR time was 145.7 minutes (SD 57.1) 37% required a blood transfusion
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Tables Table 2. Surgical procedures in patients with complicated colorectal carcinoma Obstruction (n = 83)Perforation (n = 24)Total n (%)Right colon nLeft colon nRight colon nLeft colon nNo resection16 (14.9)†Colostomy only7411Colostomy only with intention for staged resection22Bypass anastomosis only22Laparotomy only11Resection91 (85.1)†Resection + anastomosis19214347Resection + stoma3111244 Two patients had proximal diverting colostomy and primary anastomosis. † The comparison between the obstructing and perforating groups was not significant.†
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Major postop complications in 33%- most frequently GI and pulmonary Factors associated with major complications or mortality included: Older age, female sex, perioperative blood transfusion, high ASA or APACHE II score Not associated: location of lesion
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Diverticular Strictures/ IBD Crohn’s disease Obstruction most commonly in terminal ileum
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Intussusception A segment of bowel and its associated mesentery (intussusceptum) invaginates into the lumen of an adjacent bowel segment (intussuscipiens) Leading cause of bowel obstruction in children May be caused by intramural, mural, or extramural process- intraluminal mass pulled forward by peristalsis and drags bowel wall with it Ie pedunculated tumors, inverted meckel’s diverticulum or appendix Segment of bowel wall that does not contract normally and the opposite wall rotates the abnormal segment inward causing a kink that acts as a lead point Ie sessile malignancies, local inflammation, suture lines, lymphoid hyperplasia Adhesion causes focal area of abnormal peristalsis and kinking
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Intussusception In the colon, most frequently are colocolic or sigmoidrectal, and comprise 38% of adult intussusceptions Neoplasia causes 2/3 of cases in adults Adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, reticular cell sarcoma, mets Association with AIDS- secondary to lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, reative lymphoid hyperplasia, atypical mycobacteria infection, CMV, Camphylobacter enteritis Childhood presenting symptoms: acute presentation with episodic crampy abdominal pain and bloody currant jelly stool Adult presentation: often nonspecific chronic or subacute symptoms- crampy abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, rarely bleeding or presence of a palpable mass
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Intussusception Radiology: Abdominal plain film Air crescent sign- intraluminal air between the walls of the the intussusceptum and the intussuscipiens Barium enema Coiled spring appearance (fig 12)- a thin central barium stream with or without a leading mass US More useful in childhood intussusceptions Target or doughnut mass with outer hypoechoic rim Ct Target lesion, whirling pattern of mesenteric vessels May see air bubble between opposed layers of bowel Underlying etiology may be difficult to determine Treatment Surgery Reduce or not?
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