1. DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES

2. Collecting Data Primary Sources Secondary Sources data from government institutions, business agencies and other organizations example: data gathered from National Statistics Office (NSO) information from personal interviews data from books, encyclopedia, journals, magazines and research or studies conducted by other individuals

3. Methods in Collecting Data Direct or Interview Method is a person-to-person interaction between an interviewer and interviewee the researcher obtains the information needed by asking questions and inquiries from the interviewee

4. Direct or Interview Method Advantages: Precise and consistent answers can be obtained. Disadvantages: It is time, money and effort consuming and it will be applicable only for small population.

5. Methods in Collecting Data written responses are obtained by distributing questionnaires the researcher gives or distributes the questionnaire to the respondents either by personal delivery or by mail Indirect or Questionnaire Method

6. Advantages: Lesser time, money and efforts are consumed. Disadvantages: Many respondent may not be consistent due to the poor construction of the questionnaire. Inconsistent responses can no longer be modified, thus, it reduces valid number of respondents. Indirect or Questionnaire Method

7. Methods in Collecting Data is enforced by private organizations or government agencies for recording purposes this method of gathering data is perhaps the most reliable because this is enforced by law Registration Method Examples: birth and death rates – National Statistics Office (NSO) number of registered cars – Land Transportation Office (LTO) list of registered voters – Commission on Elections (COMELEC)

8. Methods in Collecting Data Advantages: Organized data from an institution can serve as ready references for future study or for personal claims of people’s records. Disadvantages: Problem arises only when an agency doesn’t have a Management Information System and if the system or process of registration is not implemented well. Registration Method

9. Methods in Collecting Data is a scientific method of investigation that makes possible use of all senses to measure or to obtain outcomes/responses from the object of study Observation Method

10. Advantages: Applied to respondents that cannot be asked or need not speak. Observation Method Disadvantages: Subjectivity of information sought cannot be avoided.

11. Methods in Collecting Data is used when the objective is to determine the cause-and-effect of a phenomenon under some controlled conditions often used by scientific researchers Experimental Method

12. Advantages: There is objectivity of information since a scientific method of inquiry is used. Disadvantages: The whole method must be repeated if the desired outcome is not reached. Experimental Method

13. Determining the Sample Size to determine the sample size from the given population size the Slovin’s formula is used where:n = sample size N = population size e = margin of error

14. Determining the Sample Size Example 1: Jennifer Lopez will conduct a survey to find out what are the reasons why students hate Math. If there are 10 000 students in the school and Jennifer Lopez plans to use a sample size using a 10% margin of error, what should the sample size be?

15. Example 2: Suppose that Britney Spears will also conduct a survey to that particular school (referring to Example 1) but she would like to use 5% margin of error, what should be the size of the sample?