1. FEEDING AND NUTRITION OF AVIAN SPECIES Dr. István HULLÁR, assoc. professor 1. Feeding Chickens; 2. Feeding Turkeys; 3. Feeding Ducks; 4. Feeding Geese.

2. 1. Feeding Chickens 1.1. Feeding Broilers 1.2. Feeding Laying Hens 1.2.1. Feeding Pullets 1.2.2. Feeding Laying Hens.

3. The Scheme of Chicken Breeding  EGGSMEAT    Market eggs Breeding eggs     HYBRIDS BREEDS HYBRIDS   (Broilers)  Light breeds Heavy breeds    (Leghorn)  (Cornish) male line      Medium breeds      (Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Plymouth Rock)  female line

4. The Digestive Tract of Chickens - Body lenght:GI = 1:5-6, - beak.

5. 1.1. Feeding Broilers - Length of Fattening: 35-40 d, - Growth Capacity – 2.0 kg at slaughter, - Body Composition, - Feed Efficiency: 1.7-1.9 kg/kg, - Dressing Percent: 68%, - Expression of Nutrient Requirements, - Multiple-Stage Diets.

6. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS Nutrients Starter Grower Finisher (0-10 d.)(11-24 d.) (25-slaughter) Crude Protein, % 23.5 22.0 20.0 ME, MJ/kg 12.6 13.3 13.6 Lys, g/kg 14.0 12.5 10.5 Met + Cys, g/kg 10.0 9.0 8.0 Linoleic Acid, % 1.3 1.2 1.0 Ca, g/kg 10.0 9.0 8.5 P (available), g/kg 5.0 4.5 4.0 NaCl, % 0.3 0.3 0.3

7. - Homogeneity of Diets? - Energy Supplementation? - Physical Form of Diets (mash, crumbles, pellets) ?

8. - Feeding Method? - Tap Water: 2.0-2.5 l/kg DM, - Housing, Artificial Light,  1-2. d.: 24 h/d;  2nd d.-Slaughter: 23 h/dinterrupted (2-21. d.: 23 h/d; 20  8 lux; from the 22nd d.: 1-2 h light, 2-4 h darknes; - Sex Dependent Rearing?

9. 1.2. FEEDING LAYING HENS 1.2.1. Feeding Pullets 1.2.2. Feeding Laying Hens

10. 1.2.1. FEEDING PULLETS Breeding Egg Commercial Egg   Purebred Birds Commercial Hens   (Hybrids) Light Breeds Medium Breeds Heavy Breeds Length of Pullet Rearing |———————|——————————————| 0. starter diet 8. wgrower diet17. w

11. 1.2.1. FEEDING PULLETS - Light Program, - Genetic Selection, - Nutrient Content and the Physical Form of Diets.

12. 1.2.1. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS Nutrients Starter Grower (0-8.w.) (9-17. w.) Crude Protein, % 17.0 15.0 ME, MJ/kg 11.7 11.7 Lys, g/kg 8.0 6.0 Met + Cys, g/kg 6.0 5.0 Linoleic acid, % 1.0 1.0 Ca, g/kg 9.0 8.0 P (available), g/kg 4.0 3.0 NaCl, % 0.3 0.3

13. 1.2.1. FEEDING PULLETS Feeding - 0-3. w: ad libitum, - from the 4. w: controlled feeding,  low BW: pelleted feed  increased feed intake, or increased nutrient density;  high BW: unchanged daily amount of feed; - 9. w: 650-700 g BW (change of feeds according to the BW), - 17. w: housing.

14. 1.2.1. FEEDING PULLETS Light Program - 0-3. d: 24 h/d, 20 lux, - 4 -21 d: 10 lux, from 24 h/d to 8 h/d, - from 21. d till the end of the 17. w: 8 h/d, 10 lux.

15. 1.2.2. FEEDING COMMERCIAL HENS Production of Commercial Eggs (Hybrids) Duration of Laying: 12 months, - Hybrids for egg production - Leghorn-Type Hybrids (e.g. Shaver Starcross 288), - Hybrids with brown egg shell (e.g. Tetra SL), Egg produced, no.: 300-310 (3% of the BW), Production - 18. w: level of egg production is 5%, - 20. w: level of egg production is 10% (BW:1,7 kg), - 22. w: level of egg production is 60%, - 25-26. w: level of egg production is 95% (pick production).

16. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS NutrientsPrelayer Layer 1 Layer 2 (18-22. w)(23-64. w) (65-75. w) Crude protein, % 16.018.016.0 ME, (MJ/kg 12.012.011.5 Lys, g/kg 5.5 8.0 6.0 Met + Cys, g/kg 4.0 7.0 5.0 Linoleic Acid, % 1.1 1.1 1.1 Ca, g/kg 18.036.537.5 P, (available), g/kg 4.0 4.0 4.0 NaCl, % 0.3 0.3 0.3

17. 1.2.2. FEEDING COMMERCIAL HENS - ad libitum, - mash, - grits, - feed efficiency: 2,0-2,1 kg/kg eggs, - end of the egg production: slaughter, ARTIFICIAL LIGHT - 18-21. w: 1 h/w increment, 20 lux, - 21. w: 12 h/d, 20 lux, - 24. w: 14 h/d, 20 lux, at 85% egg prod.: 16 h/d.