1. Fluoro & Rad Protection Review Questions For WEB RT 255 wk 7/8 1

2. IMAGE INTENSIFIER __________ – Input Phosphor _______________ – Output phosphor ELECTRON FOCUSING LENS + CURRENT ATTRACTS e TO ANODE _________ KVP POTIENTIAL ACROSS TUBE 2 MEASURED IN ???? IP VS OP

3. IMAGE INTENSIFIER FUNCTION: CHANGE XRAY PHOTONS TO __________ PHOTONS (INPUT PHOSPHOR) TO __________(PHOTOCATHODE) 3

4. Defines? The ratio of the number of light photons striking the output screen to the ratio of the number of x-ray photons striking the input screen is called _____________ 4

5. MAG MODE VS PT DOSE MAG USED TO ENLARGE SMALL STRUCTURE OR TO PENETRATE THROUGH LARGER PARTS FORMULA:???? PATIENT DOSE IS INCREASED IN THE MAG MODE – DEPENDANT ON SIZE OF INPUT PHOSPHOR 5

6. MAG MODE VS PT DOSE MAG USED TO ENLARGE SMALL STRUCTURE OR TO PENETRATE THROUGH LARGER PARTS PATIENT DOSE IS INCREASED IN THE MAG MODE – DEPENDANT ON SIZE OF INPUT PHOSPHOR FORMULA:???? 6

7. TV Monitor Name of Pattern of electon beam? # of lines for Conventional vs Digital monitors Horizontal Resolution? Vertical Resolution? 7

8. KELL FACTOR VERTICAL RESOLUTION ABILITY TO RESOLVE OBJECTS SPACED APART IN A VERTICAL DIRECTION MORE DOTS(GLOBULES) = MORE SCAN LINES = MORE/BETTER RESOLUTION RATIO OF VERTICAL RESOLUITON # OF SCAN LINES KELL FACTOR FOR 525 LINE SYSTEM IS ____________________ 8

9. VIDEO/CAMERA TUBE PLUMICON, VIDICON, ORTHOCON, CCD’s Function? CONNECTED BY MOST COMMOM BETTER RESOLUTION & Lower pt dose? – VERY $$$$ Type used in Digital Units? 9

10. Image Quality Terms that are necessary to know: – Vignetting is – Pincushion effect – Quantum mottle is – The _____of the II will always have the best resolution. – Lag is 10

11. Image Quality Terms that are necessary to know: – Vignetting is the loss of brightness at the periphery of the II due to the concave surface – Pincushion effect is the drop off at the edges of the II due to the curved surface – Quantum mottle is the grainy appearance on the image due to statistical fluctuations – The center of the II will always have the best resolution. – Lag is the blurry image from moving the II too fast 11

12. Image Quality - Define Contrast is controlled by? Resolution Size Distortion is affected by Quantum mottle – What is it and what causes it? 12

13. Regulations about the operation Fluoroscopic tubes operate at currents that range from With ___________the most common AEC rate controls: equipment built after 1974 with AEC shall not expose in excess of __R/min; equipment after 1974 without AEC shall not expose in excess of ____ R/min 13

14. Other regulations Must have a ____________ switch Must have __________ exposure timer Must have an ______to prevent exposure without II in place Tube potential must be tested ________ Brightness/contrast must be tested _______ Beam alignment and resolution must be tested _____ Leakage cannot exceed __________ 14

15. SSD – TUBE TO SKIN DISTANCE FIXED UNITS ____PREFERRED _____MINIMUM MOBILE UNITS ( C-ARMS) _____ MINIMUM 15

16. more regulations Must have a device to prevent operation at a SOD of less than ___________ A bucky slot cover must be provided Aprons must be at least _______Pb equivalent ________Al equivalent filtration is required Must provide at least _____ and preferably ______ between source and table top 16

17. Fluoroscopy exposure rate For radiation protection purposes the fluroscopic table top exposure rate must not exceed __________/min. The table top intensity should not exceed ____ R/min for each mA of current at____ kVp 17

18. measurement 1 Rem =.01 Sievert 1 REM = _____mSv 1 Rem = _____mRem ? 18

19. measurement 100 R = 1 C/kg 1Rad = 1/100 Gray 1 Rem =.01 Sievert (Rad + QF = REM) 1 REM = 10 mSv 1 Rem = 1000mRem 19

20. PUBLIC EXPOSURE ? ______ OF OCCUPATIONAL NON MEDICAL EXPOSURE _____ RAD OR _____MRAD UNDER AGE 18 AND STUDENT.1 rem 1 mSv Pg 98 RTA BOOK 20

21. INTERGRAL DOSE – 100 ERGS OF TISSUE = 1 RAD EXPOSURE OR ___ RAD =___ERGS 21

22. PATIENT PROTECTION NAME 4 WAYS TO LIMIT DOSE TO THE PATIENT DURING FLUORO EXAM 22

23. According to your California syllabus, list more 6 things that will reduce patient exposure: 23

24. GONAD SHIELDING MUST BE. ______ OF LEAD MUST BE USED WHEN GONADS WILL LIE WITHING _____ OF THE COLLIMATED AREA (RHB) KUB. Lumbar Spine Pelvis male vs female shielding 24

25. Gonad shielding & dose ♀ receive _____ more dose than ♂ for pelvic x-rays 1 mm lead will reduce exposure (primary) by about ______ ♀ by about ________ ♂ 25

26. Degree of scatter?? 26

27. Degree of scatter?? 135 under 45 over 27

28. KEEP I.I. CLOSE TO PATIENT 28

29. Over vs under the table fluoro tubes 29

30. Framing and patient dose syll = Pg 31 which is BEST The use of the available film area to control the image as seen from the output phosphor. – Underframing – _______ is best, (58 % lost film surface) – Overframing,(part of image is lost) – Total overframing 30

31. EXPOSURE RATES FLUORO IF MACHINE OUTPUT IS 2 R/MA/MIN = WHAT IS PT DOSE AT 1.5 MA FOR 5 MIN STUDY? 31

32. EXPOSURE RATES FOR FLUORO CURRENT STANDARD _______ R/MIN (INTENSIFIED UNITS) HLC: BOOST MODE _______ R/MIN 32

33. RADIATION PROTECTION The Patient is the largest scattering object Lower at a _____ DEGREE ANGLE from the patient + PRIMARY BEAM AT 1 METER DISTANCE - _______ OF INTENSITY PRIMARY XRAY or 0.1% 33

34. The law requires that total filtration during fluoroscopy should be __________________ 34

35. Between spot film cassettes and photospot films, the_____will increase patient dose. However, between the two the ______will produce better image quality. 35

36. The x-ray tube current automatically increases to ________level of mA when a spot film is taken. 36

37. List one RECORDING method that HAS LOWER PATIENT DOSE: ______________________ 37

38. When recording dynamic images using cine, the higher the frames per second, the ___________ the patient dose 38

39. PERSONNEL PROTECTION STANDING BEHIND A PROTECTIVE PRIMARY (- of ____ pb) BARRIER: PRIMARY RADIATION EXPOSURE _____REDUCED PORTABLE BARRIER = _____REDUCTION 39

40. PERSONNEL PROTECTION PROTECTIVE APRONS – 0.25 PB = ____ ↓ TO SCATTER 0.5 PB = _____ ↓ TO SCATTER THYROID SHEILDS (____________ mm pb) GLOVES (____________ mm pb) 40

41. PERSONNEL PROTECTION MONITORING FILM BADGE TLD POSL POCKET DOSIMETER RING BADGE Which is most sensitive to radiation? Which one has a permanent record? 41

42. PERSONNEL PROTECTION MONITORING DOSE LIMITS WHOLE BODY __________ EYES _________________ EXTREMITIES (BELOW ELBOW/KNEES) 42

43. Who should wear 2 badges name 2 43

44. Who wears a ring dosimeter? 44

45. TLD Sensitive to ___mrem? 45

46. Report available at least _________ Preserved for a minimum of _____years 46

47. RHB NOTIFICATION ( IMMEDIATE – REPORT WITHIN _________________________ TOTAL DOSE OF 25 rems Eye dose – 75 rem Extremity – 250 RADS 47

48. RHB NOTIFICATION (EXP IN 24 HOURS) OVEREXPOSURE – Report within ________________ TOTAL DOSE OF 5 rems Eye dose – 15 rem Extremity - 50 REMS 48

49. LICENSE RENEWAL WITHIN ________OF EXPRIATION NOTIFICATION OF CHANGE OF ADDRESS 49

50. HIGH RADIAITON AREA – ___________mRem ( 0.1 rem / (1 msV) – @ 30 cm from the source of radiation 50

51. RADIATION AREA – RHB: __________ ( 0.005 rem / (.05 msV) – @ 30 cm from the source of radiation PUBLIC _______ per week* (STAT) 51

52. A “controlled area” is defined as one 1.that is occupied by people trained in radiologic safety 2.that is occupied by people who wear radiation monitors 3.whose occupancy factor is 1 4.ALL OF THE ABOVE 52

53. CARDINAL RULES ______________________ _______________________ ____________________ 53

54. HVL TVL The amount of material required to reduce the energy of the beam by…….. HVL _______________________ TVL _____________________ Examples 100 – 50 - 25 – 12.5 – 6.25 - 3.12 ?How many to reduce to 1/2 ? 1/10 th ? 54

55. an occupationally exposed individual, federal law limits annual occupational whole body radiation dose to ____________ rem __________mSv 55

56. For female workers of child bearing age who are or may be pregnant, this occupational dose limit is reduced (with respect to the fetus) to: Preferably distributed evenly over the entire gestation period 56

57. Pregnancy & Embryo Mother – occupational worker (5 rem) Baby – (______ mRem) __________ rem/ year __________rem/month 57

58. The NCRP states that: the risk (to the embryo/fetus) is considered to be negligible at 5 rads or less when compared to the other risks of pregnancy and the risk of malformation is significantly increased above control levels only at doses above ___________rads 58

59. is significantly increased above control levels only at doses above 15 rads 59

60. Name of 1? 2? 3? ? is the type of biological dose response effect that is considered in for radiation safety purposes 60

61. DOSE CINE - ____mR per frame (30 OR 60f/sec) ______ mr per “look” WHAT WOULD BE THE PATIENT’S DOSE FOR A 2 MIN PROCEDURE AT 30 F/SEC? 61

62. If at ½ foot from the radiation source the intensity of exposure is 240 mR per hour and you remain at this location for 10 minutes, you then moved 2 feet away from the radiation source and remained there for 20 minutes? What is your total exposure? 62

63. – If at one foot from the radiation source the intensity of exposure is 240 milliroentgens (mR) per hour and you remain at this location for 10 minutes you will receive and exposure of 40 milliroentgens (mR). What source and remained there for 20 minutes? 63

64. The greatest contribution of unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient comes from the x-ray operator’s failure to 64

65. The greatest contribution of unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient comes from the x-ray operator’s failure to – collimate the x-ray beam to the area of clinical interest only – use proper gonadal shielding – use past screens and films – use proper exposure (technical factors 65

66. All of the following must be posted in areas where x-ray production machines are utilized except: each x-ray supervisor and operator permit each certified radiologic technologist certificate and technologist fluoroscopy permit Radiologic Health Department Form RH-2364, “Notice to Employee” each physician’s license for the healing arts 66

67. – During a 2 minute (fluoroscopy exposure time) routine upper GI series examination; a typical x- ray exposure to the patient is: – How do you calculate with only this information? 67

68. When the target to panel (tube to patient) distance is increased from 12 to 18 inches the ESE to patient is approximately: a. Increased by 45 % c. Decreased by 100 % b. Increased by 25 % d. Decreased by 45% 68

69. At 1 foot from a source the output intensity is 300 mR/hr and you were there for 20 minutes. What is the intensity total if you moved 2 feet away and remained for an additional 40 minutes? 69

70. You are fluoroscoping a patient using 80 kilivolt peak (kvp) technique. At this Kilovolt peak (kvp) the intensity of the x-ray beam at table top should not exceed how many roentgens per minute for each milliampere (ma) of current? 0.2 roentgens per minute 1.0 roentgens per minute 2.2 roentgens per minute 5.0 roentgens per minute 70

71. The NCRP states that: the risk (to the embryo/fetus) is considered to be negligible at 5 rads or less when compared to the other risks of pregnancy, and the risk of malformation is significantly increased above control levels only at doses above how many rads: a. 7 b.10 c.15 d. 25 71

72. A “high radiation” area is any area, accessible to individuals, in which there exists radiation at such levels that an individual could receive in any one hour a dose to the whole body in excess of how many millirems ? a.5 b. 10 c. 50 d. 100 72

73. Which of the following technical factors will create the highest skin entrance dose to the patient? A. 80 kvp 300 ma.5s no filter B. 80 kvp 300ma 1/10s no filter C. 80 kvp 1000ma 1/20s 2.5mm al eq. filter D. 80 kvp 800ma 1/60 sec.05mm al eq filter 73

74. The exposure rate to a tech at 4 feet from the source is 240 m R/hr. What distance would be necessary to reduced the rate below 60 mR/hr? A. 1 foot B. 6 feet C. 2 feet D. 9 feet 74

75. If 85 kvp, 400ma 0.12s = 150mR - what is the mr/mas? A. 0.32 B. 3.1 C. 33.1 D. 17.6 75

76. Each time an x-ray beam scatters, its intensity at 1 meter from the scattering object is what fraction of its original intensity? A. 1/10 B. 1/100 C. 1/500 D. 1/1000 76

77. The California Radiation ControlRegulations define dose to mean radiation absorbed per unit mass. Whole-Body dose means exposure to which of the following: I Major portions of the whole body II Head and trunk III Gonads IV Lens of the eye V Active blood-forming organs VI Whole body excluding extremities a.I only b. I, III, IV & VI only c. I & IV only d. all of the above 77

78. Which of the following gives the least patient exposure? a. mirror optical system b. vidicon TV camera c plumicon TV camera d. image orthicon 78

79. Which of the following gives the best resolution? a. mirror optical system b. vidicon TV camera c plumicon TV camera d. image orthicon 79

80. During a CINE exam in which 35 mm film and a frame rate of 30 frames per second are utilized, what is the approximate skin exposure in roentgens/minutes? a. 1 (given 2mr/frame) b. 2 – 5 c. 5 – 10 d. over 10 80

81. It may be advisable to wear a second personal monitoring device if a worker is: 1. performing routine radiological procedures 2. pregnant 3. a student 4. performing special procedure examinations 81