1. Prepared by: C. Douglas Cloud Professor Emeritus of Accounting Pepperdine University © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 Analyzing Transactions Chapter 2 Student Version These slides should be viewed using the presentation mode (left click your mouse on the icon).

2. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Learning Objective 1 Describe the characteristics of an account and a chart of accounts.

3. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Using Accounts to Record Transactions LO 1  Accounting systems are designed to show the increases and decreases in each accounting equation element as a separate record. This record is called an account.

4. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. The T account has a title. Title The T Account LO 1 The left side of the account is called the debit side. Debit Credit The right side of the account is called the credit side.

5. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 1 Chart of Accounts  A group of accounts for a business entity is called a ledger.  A list of the accounts in the ledger is called a chart of accounts.  Assets are resources owned by the business.  Liabilities are debts owed to outsiders (creditors).

6. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 1 Chart of Accounts  Stockholders’ equity is the stockholders’ right to the assets of the business after all liabilities have been paid. Stockholders’ equity is represented by the balance of the capital stock and retained earnings accounts.  A dividends account represents distributions of earnings to stockholders.

7. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chart of Accounts LO 1  Revenues are increases in owner’s equity as a result of selling services or products to customers.  The using up of assets or consuming services in the process of generating revenues results in expenses.

8. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Learning Objective 2 Describe and illustrate journalizing transactions using the double-entry accounting system.

9. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Double-Entry Accounting System LO 2  All businesses use what is called the double-entry accounting system. This system is based on the accounting equation and requires:  Every business transaction to be recorded in at least two accounts.  The total debits recorded for each transaction to be equal to the total credits recorded.

10. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Normal Balances  The sum of the increases in an account is usually equal to or greater than the sum of the decreases in the account. Thus, the normal balance of an account is either a debit or a credit depending on whether increases in the account are recorded as debits or credits. LO 2

11. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 2 Transaction A On November 1, Chris Clark deposited $25,000 in a bank account in the name of NetSolutions in return for shares of stock in the corporation.

12. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Transaction A LO 2 Step 2 Step 3 Step 1 Step 4 Step 5 Step 3 Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (investment) Accounting Equation Impact increase

13. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Journalizing requires the following steps: Journalizing Step 1.The date of the transaction is entered in the Date column. Step 2.The title of the account to be debited is recorded at the left-hand margin under the Description column, and the amount to be debited is entered in the D e bit column. (continued) LO 2

14. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Journalizing Step 3.The title of the account to be credited is listed below and to the right of the debited account title, and the amount to be credited is entered in the Credit column. Step 4.A brief description may be entered below the credited account. LO 2 (continued)

15. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Journalizing Step 5.The Post. Ref. (Posting Reference) column is left blank when the journal entry is initially recorded. This column is used later when the journal entry amounts are transferred to the accounts in the ledger. LO 2 (concluded)

16. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Journalizing LO 2  A transaction is initially entered in a record called a journal.  The process of recording a transaction in the journal is called journalizing.  The entry in the journal is called a journal entry.

17. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 2 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity Transaction B increase decrease On November 5, NetSolutions paid $20,000 for the purchase of land as a future building site.

18. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 2 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity Transaction C increase On November 10, NetSolutions purchased supplies on account for $1,350.

19. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue) LO 2 Transaction D increase On November 18, NetSolutions received cash of $7,500 from customers for services provided.

20. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. On November 30, NetSolutions incurred the following expenses: wages, $2,125; rent, $800; utilities, $450; and miscellaneous, $275. LO 2 Transaction E

21. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 2 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) Transaction E decrease All four expense accounts increase

22. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 2 Transaction F Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity decrease On November 30, NetSolutions paid creditors on account, $950.

23. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 2 Transaction G NetSolutions purchased $1,350 of supplies on November 10. Chris Clark determined that the cost of supplies on hand on November 30 was $550 or, stated another way, $800 in supplies had been used.

24. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 2 Transaction G Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) decrease increase

25. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 2 Transaction H decrease increase Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Dividends) On November 30, NetSolutions paid $2,000 to stockholders as dividends.

26. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Learning Objective 3 Describe and illustrate journalizing and posting of transactions to accounts.

27. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  The process of transferring the debits and credits from the journal entries to the accounts is called posting. LO 3 Posting Journal Entries to Accounts On December 1, NetSolutions paid a premium of $2,400 for an insurance policy for liability, theft, and fire. The policy covers a one-year period.

28. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity Posting Journal Entries to Accounts increase decrease

29. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. December Transactions On December 1, NetSolutions paid rent for December, $800. The company from which NetSolutions is renting its store space now requires the payment of rent on the first of each month, rather than at the end of the month. LO 3

30. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. December Transactions LO 3 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) decreaseincrease

31. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 December Transactions  On December 1, NetSolutions received an offer from a local retailer to rent the land purchased on November 5.  The retailer plans to use the land as a parking lot for its employees and customers. NetSolutions agreed to rent the land to the retailer for three months, with the rent payable in advance.  NetSolutions received $360 for three months’ rent beginning December 1.

32. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. December Transactions LO 3 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity increase

33. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 December Transactions LO 3 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity increase On December 4, NetSolutions purchased office equipment on account from Executive Supply Co. for $1,800.

34. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) decrease increase December Transactions On December 6, NetSolutions paid $180 for a newspaper advertisement.

35. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity decrease December Transactions On December 11, NetSolutions paid creditors $400.

36. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) decrease increase On December 13, NetSolutions paid a receptionist and a part-time assistant $950 for two weeks’ wages. December Transactions

37. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. December Transactions LO 3 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue) increase On December 16, NetSolutions received $3,100 from fees earned for the first half of December.

38. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 December Transactions Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue) increase Fees earned on account totaled $1,750 for the first half of December.

39. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. December Transactions Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity LO 3 decrease On December 20, NetSolutions paid $900 to Executive Supply Co. on the $1,800 debt owed from the December 4 transaction.

40. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. December Transactions LO 3 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity increase decrease On December 21, NetSolutions received $650 from customers in payment of their accounts.

41. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 December Transactions Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity increase decrease On December 23, NetSolutions paid $1,450 for supplies.

42. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 December Transactions Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) increasedecrease On December 27, NetSolutions paid the receptionist and the part-time assistant $1,200 for two weeks’ wages.

43. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 December Transactions Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) increase decrease On December 31, NetSolutions paid its $310 telephone bill for the month.

44. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 December Transactions Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) increase decrease On December 31, NetSolutions paid its $225 electric bill for the month.

45. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 December Transactions Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue) increase On December 31, NetSolutions received $2,870 from fees earned for the second half of December.

46. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. December Transactions LO 3 Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue) increase On December 31, fees earned on account totaled $1,120 for the second half of December.

47. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. LO 3 December Transactions increasedecrease Accounting Equation Impact Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Dividends) On December 31, paid dividends of $2,000.

48. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Learning Objective 4 Prepare an unadjusted trial balance and explain how it can be used to discover errors.

49. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Trial Balance and Trial Balance Errors  The equality of debits and credits in the ledger should be proven at the end of each accounting period by preparing a trial balance. LO 4  A transposition occurs when the order of the digits is changed by mistake, such as writing $542 as $452 or $524.  In a slide, the entire number is moved one or more spaces to the right or the left by mistake, such as writing $542.00 as $54.20 or $97.50 as $975.00.

50. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Errors Not Affecting the Trial Balance  If an error has already been journalized and posted to the ledger, a correcting journal entry is normally prepared. LO 4

51. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Another type of error is a posting error.  Assume that on May 5 a $12,500 purchase of office equipment on account was incorrectly journalized and posted as a debit to Supplies and a credit to Accounts Payable for $12,500.  The entry to correct the error is: Errors Not Affecting the Trial Balance LO 4

52. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Learning Objective 5 Describe and illustrate the use of horizontal analysis in evaluating a company’s performance and financial condition.

53. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Horizontal Analysis  In horizontal analysis, the amount of each item on a current financial statement is compared with the same item on an earlier statement.  When two statements are being compared, the earlier statement is used as the base for computing the amount and the percent of change. LO 5

54. Prepared by: C. Douglas Cloud Professor Emeritus of Accounting Pepperdine University © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 54 The End Analyzing Transactions