1. Accounting for Inventories Inventory Systems: Inventory Systems: –Perpetual—Maintains a moving inventory balance (i.e., Merchandise inventory increases as merchandise is purchased and decreases as it sold –Periodic—A physical inventory is taken and priced at the end of an accounting period and adjusted into the merchandise inventory account at the end of the period to obtain cost of goods sold in the current period

2. Inventory Valuation Methods Cost Cost –Inventory is valued at what the business paid for it (includes cash discounts, freight-in, and returns allowed) Lower of Cost or Market Lower of Cost or Market –Current replacement cost is compared with the purchase price of each item in inventory; then the lower of the amount on an aggregate basis is used for inventory valuation

3. Flow of Cost Considerations Specific Identification—Cost of specific items purchased follow those items as they are sold Specific Identification—Cost of specific items purchased follow those items as they are sold First-in; first-out (applies to cost of goods sold) First-in; first-out (applies to cost of goods sold) –First purchase prices apply to first goods sold; Most recent purchase prices apply to what is left in ending inventory Last-in; first-out (applies to cost of goods sold) Last-in; first-out (applies to cost of goods sold) –First purchase prices apply to ending inventory; Most recent purchase prices apply to first goods sold Weighted average Weighted average –Average cost of purchases is determined and the same price per unit is applied to both cost of goods sold and ending inventory

4. Example of Cost Flows Specific Identification Specific Identification –1 st purchase item A @ $50; 2 nd purchase item A @ $100 –1 st sale is item A is the second purchase; CGS would be $100 and ending inventory would be $50 First-In, First-Out same example First-In, First-Out same example –Cost of goods sold would be $50 and ending inventory would be $100

5. Example of Cost Flows, Continued Last-In, First-Out Last-In, First-Out –Cost of goods sold would be $100 and ending inventory would be $50 Weighted Average Weighted Average –($50 + 100)/2 = $75 average cost –Cost of goods sold would be $75 (one item @ $75) –Ending inventory would be $75 (one item @ $75

6. Inventory And Profit Determination An important equation in this pricing process is— An important equation in this pricing process is— –Beginning inventory + purchases = Total available for sale –Total available for sale = Cost of Goods Sold + Ending Inventory So one can calculate the cost of goods sold first or the ending inventory first and subtract from total available for sale to get the other amount So one can calculate the cost of goods sold first or the ending inventory first and subtract from total available for sale to get the other amount