1. Operational Risk and Reputation in the Financial Industry Roland Gillet (Sorbonne, Solvay) Georges Hübner (ULg, UM and LSF) Séverine Plunus (HEC-ULg)

2. AGENDA  Basel II : Operational risk and reputational risk  Litterature Review  Sample : construction and descriptive statistics  Methodology  Results  Evidence from other data  Conclusion

3. Operational risk  Basel II: “The risk of losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. This definition includes legal risk, but excludes strategic risk and reputational risk.” (BIS, 2005, p140, n°644)

4. Reputational risk Basel II: “the risk of significant negative public opinion that results in a critical loss of funding or customers” (BIS, 1998, p7). More generally, reputational losses are all events that, once known by the market, negatively affect the cash-flows of the company, either due to losses in the client base, lack of confidence of external parties materializing in increased discount rate, funding rates, or decreased cash-flows.  But do the markets really dissociate reputational risk from operational risk?

5. Literature Review (1) Murphy et al. (2004) – Their contribution builds on a previous line of results showing significant negative price impacts of firms accused of fraudulent activities (Skantz et al., 1990; Karpoff and Lott, 1993; Reichert et al., 1996). – Results: significant declines in reported earnings, increased stock return volatility, and declines in analyst’s estimates. larger firms experience smaller negative impacts since losses behave as fixed costs. A strong brand name mitigates the impacts and is interpreted as a protection against reputational damage.

6. Literature Review (2)  Only two papers examine the reputation impact on market returns of operational events affecting financial institutions.  Cummings, Lewis and Wei (2004)  Results:  Banks experience smaller negative impact than insurance companies.  Both types of companies however experience significant negative price reactions  market value drops exceeding the amount of the operational losses  de Fontnouvelle and Perry (2005)  Results  the announcement date only has a significant, negative impact on the price  negative price impacts are larger when the operational loss is due to internal fraud

7. Our study  Stock market reaction after the announcement of operational losses in listed financial companies.  154 financial companies listed on major Stock Exchanges  Three events per firm:  First press release,  Explicit recognition by the company, and,  Settlement date.  Reputational risk: difference between the market value loss and the announced loss amount of the firm.

8. Sample construction  OpVantage First, provided by the Fitch Group.  criteria to filter this data collection:  company group incorporated either in United States or in Europe;  companies of the financial industry;  operational losses higher than 10 millions US dollars;  loss settled no sooner than January 1994.  companies publicly listed  “September 11th” events removed.  final sample:  103 largest losses having occurred in American companies  51 largest losses in European companies.

9. The sample – descriptive statistics (1) Nb MarketReturns beta Value (in Mio $) MeanminMaxSD Europe51471840,02%-0,46%0,54%2,14%1,09 USA103592640,05%-0,19%0,37%2,03%1,20 Total154553700,04%-0,46%0,54%2,07%1,17

10. The sample – First press release Panel A - Full sample Nb Market Loss size (in Mio) Average Returns (t=0 to 10) beta Sharpe ratio Value (in Mio) MeanMinMaxMeanminMaxSD Europe 5138138 277113000 0.04%-1.83%2.79%1.82%1,10-0,51 USA 10360462 196102650 -0.13%-4.47%1.44%1.96%1,26-0,49 Total15453053 222103000 -0.07%-4.47%2.79%1.91%1,21-0,49 Panel B - Known losses Europe 28 45447 239 11 2923 -0.04%-1.83%2.79%1.90% 1,19-0,60 USA 62 60873 165 10 2650 -0.01%-1.42%1.44%1.75%1,22-0,52 Total90 55847 188 10 2923 -0.02%-1.83%2.79%1.80%1,21-0,55 Panel C - Unknown losses Europe 23 27539 309 11 3000 0.13%-1.21%1.12%1.71%0,99-0,39 USA 41 62558 222 10 2160 -0.30%-4.47%0.81%2.27%1,32-0,43 Total64 46646 254 10 3000 -0.14%-4.47%1.12%2.07%1,20-0,41

11. The sample – Recognition by the company Panel A - Full sample Nb Market Loss size (in Mio) Returns beta Sharpe ratio Value (in Mio) MeanMinMaxMeanminMaxSD Europe 1724601596353000-0.49%-2.87%0.44%2.63%1.0-0,28 USA 286159151784371-0.04%-3.27%1.96%2.24%1.3-0,38 Total 454729936884371-0.21%-3.27%1.96%2.39%1.1-0,35 Panel B - Known before and unchanged losses Europe 35178113014402923-1.04%-2.54%0.14%2.74%0.9-0.31 USA 482849201733720.70%0.27%1.96%3.08%1.3-0.47 Total 769534673732923-0.45%-3.27%1.96%2.93%1.2-0.42 Panel C – Learned or changed losses Europe 922063492253000-0.12%-1.18%0.44%1.91%0.7-0.35 USA 185887065784371-0.17%-3.27%1.10%2.10%1.2-0.51 Total 274653448884371-0.15%-3.27%1.10%2.04%1.0-0.46 Panel D - Unknown losses Europe 512863252100452-0.84%-2.87%0.35%3.84%1.4-0.07 USA 64991921590455-0.16%-2.54%1.12%2.09%1.2-0.07 Total 113307523290455-0.47%-2.87%1.12%2.89%1.3-0.07

12. The sample – Settlement Panel A - Full sample Nb Market Loss size (in Mio) Returns beta Sharpe ratio Value (in Mio) MeanMinMaxMeanminMaxSD Europe 2327415346112923 -0.07%-0.73%0.78%1.33% 0.96-0.33 USA 4265114322102650 -0.05%-0.98%0.85%1.59% 1.10-0.48 Total 6554064330102923 -0.06%-0.98%0.85%1.50% 1.03-0.43 Panel B - Known before and unchanged losses Europe 2252441508922923 0.07%-0.30%0.44%1.40% 0.820.02 USA 659555511152650 -0.11%-0.98%0.28%1.46% 1.27-0.62 Total 850977760152923 -0.06%-0.98%0.44%1.44% 1.14-0.46 Panel C – Learned or changed losses Europe 212830120711691 -0.05%-0.73%0.78%1.32% 0.32-0.36 USA 3664926284102160 -0.04%-0.97%0.85%1.61% 1.04-0.46 Total 5751433256102160 -0.04%-0.97%0.85%1.51% 0.84-0.43

13. Methodology  Abnormal return for firm i: AR it = R it – α i – β i R mt for t= -20 to 20  Abnormal return due to reputational effect:  Average and cumulative average abnormal return: and AR i0 (Rep) =R i0 – α i – β i R m0 +  loss / Market Cap 

14. Results

15. CAR around the three event dates. 1st press releaseRecog.Settlemt T CAR CAR (rep) CAR -15 to 1-5.28 *** -1.82 ** -0.641.71 ** -8 to 8-4.35 *** -1.57 * -1.140.79 -5 to 10-4.44 *** -0.57-0.880.78 0 to 13-2.37 *** 1.45 * -0.800.53

16. CAR for American loss events

17. CAR for European loss events

18. Test statistics for US and European loss events First press releaseRecognitionSettlement USACARCAR(rep) CAR T = -15 to 1-5.09 *** -3.55 *** -0.531.87 ** T = -8 to 8-4.21 *** -3.38 *** -0.610.26 T = -5 to 10-4.23 *** -2.64 *** -0.800.08 T = 0 to 13-3.73 *** -2.03 ** -1.17-0.53 Europe T = -15 to 1-1.95 ** 1.87 ** -0.360.34 T = -8 to 8-1.58 * 2.07 ** -1.060.99 T = -5 to 10-1.192.75 *** -0.411.23 T = 0 to 131.185.39 *** 0.21 1.65 **

19. Sub-sample analysis according to the knowledge of the losses – First press release Known lossesUnknown losses T CARCAR(rep)CARCAR(rep) -15 to +1-3.46 *** -0.73-4.90 *** -1.95 ** -10 to +5-2.71 *** 0.45-6.30 *** -3.30 *** -8 to +8-2.60 *** 0.53-4.98 *** -2.05 ** -5 to +10-1.94 ** 0.85-4.39 *** -1.89 ** 0 to +15-0.172.33 *** -2.87 *** -0.82

20. Sub-sample analysis according to the knowledge of the losses – Recognition by the company Known beforeLearned or changedUnknown losses T CARCAR(rep)CARCAR(rep) -15 to +1-2.97 *** 0.321.230.442.09 ** -10 to +5-2.20 ** -0.040.640.612.01 ** -8 to +8-2.40 *** -0.85-0.21-1.28 * 2.51 *** -5 to +10-2.00 ** -0.220.59-0.371.33 * 0 to +15-1.220.031.33 * -0.541.16

21. Sub-sample analysis according to the knowledge of the losses – Settlement Known beforeLearned or changed T CAR CAR(rep) -15 to +1-0.271.663.50 *** -10 to +50.390.372.33 *** -8 to +80.780.262.23 ** -5 to +100.460.222.29 ** 0 to +150.05-0.741.31 *

22. Sub-samples according to the event type First press release CAR(Rep) First press release T FraudsClients… -15 to +1-4.22 *** -1.94 ** -10 to +5-4.47 *** -1.48 * -8 to +8-3.66 *** -0.47 -5 to +10-4.66 *** 2.22 ** 0 to +15-4.22 *** -1.94 **

23. Sub-samples according to the event type Recognition by the company CAR(Rep) Recognition T FraudsClients… -10 to +5 -3.37 *** 2.17 *** -8 to +8 -3.74 *** 1.07 -5 to +10 -3.10 *** 0.08 0 to +15 0.49-0.48

24. Sub-samples according to the event type Settlement CAR(Rep) Settlement T FraudsClients… -10 to +5 2.39 *** 1.14 -8 to +8 1.53 * 2.07 ** -5 to +10 1.39 * 2.11 ** 0 to +15 -1.111.82 **

25. Evidence from other data

26.  Volumes  average volume for each companies on a 250 days basis,  daily variation of the volume  -20 + 20 days around the three announcement date.  Garch  Student test :  H0: the average conditional volatility during the 10 days following the announcement is the same than the average conditional volatility of the estimation period.  H1: conditional volatilities are different.

27. Evidence from other data (2)  Cusum of squares  The CUSUM of squares test (Brown, Durbin, and Evans, 1975) aims at assessing the constancy of the parameters of a model and is based on the test statistic: where w is the recursive residual defined as: The expected value of S under the hypothesis of parameter constancy is :

28. Volumes

29. Garch effects 0 to +10d Average (estimation period) 1st press releaseRecognitionSettlement p-value USA 0.0009%0.12%0.020.07%0.150.01%0.00 EUR 0.0011%2.64%0.110.03%0.000.01%0.07 Total0.0010%0.96%0.050.06%0.100.01%0.02

30. Cusum of squares - USA Known before loss amount Learned or changed loss amount Unknown loss amount Press Recognition Settlement

31. Cusum of squares - Europe Known before loss amount Learned or changed loss amount Unknown loss amount Press Recognition Settlement

32. CONCLUSION

33. Conclusion  CAR < 0 around the first press release and the recognition by the company date.  As far as reputational risk is concerned, it is significantly negative before the first press release, and significantly positive after.  CAR significantly positive around the settlement date  The investors overreact when they do not know about the loss size.  automatic correction of the stock returns 10 days after the recognition by the company date.  if the loss is due to frauds: market reaction significantly worse and negative effect on the reputation of the company.

34. Conclusion  Volumes variations: significant peak in trades whenever the company recognizes the loss event, which corresponded to changes in market alphas and betas confirmed by a cusum of squares test.  anticipation before the first disclosure happens,  correction of the settlement returns for the initial effect.  The timing of the resolution of uncertainty also matters to a very large extent, especially when one has to assess at what moment the market perceives a shift in the risk profile of the financial institution that has suffered from a large operational loss.