1. Classifying Matter Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

2. Mixtures, elements, compounds Scientists like to classify things. Scientists like to classify things. One way that scientists classify matter is by its composition. One way that scientists classify matter is by its composition. Ultimately, all matter can be classified as mixtures, elements and compounds. Ultimately, all matter can be classified as mixtures, elements and compounds.

3. Why isn ’ t it a good idea to classify matter by its phases? Because one kind of substance can exist in more than one phase – such as H 2 0. And matter changes phases rather easily. Because one kind of substance can exist in more than one phase – such as H 2 0. And matter changes phases rather easily.

4. Why isn ’ t matter classified according to its physical characteristics, such as color? Why isn ’ t matter classified according to its physical characteristics, such as color? Scientists wouldn’t find it very useful to group gold, sunflowers, and the sun together. Scientists wouldn’t find it very useful to group gold, sunflowers, and the sun together.

5. How to Classify Scientists ask themselves these questions? Scientists ask themselves these questions? Is the matter uniform throughout? Is the matter uniform throughout? Can it be separated by physical means? Can it be separated by physical means? Can it be separated by chemical means? Can it be separated by chemical means?

6. By asking these questions scientists can classify matter into: Mixtures – two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and can be separated by physical means. The substances in a mixture retain their individual properties. Mixtures – two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and can be separated by physical means. The substances in a mixture retain their individual properties. Solutions – a special kind of mixture where one substance dissolves in another. Solutions – a special kind of mixture where one substance dissolves in another. Elements – simplest form of pure substance. They cannot be broken into anything else by physical or chemical means. Elements – simplest form of pure substance. They cannot be broken into anything else by physical or chemical means. Compounds – pure substances that are the unions of two or more elements. They can be broken into simpler substances by chemical means. Compounds – pure substances that are the unions of two or more elements. They can be broken into simpler substances by chemical means.

8. Is it uniform throughout? If the answer is no, the matter is a heterogeneous mixture. If the answer is no, the matter is a heterogeneous mixture. Considered the “ least mixed. ” Considered the “ least mixed. ” Does not appear to be the same throughout. Does not appear to be the same throughout. Particles are large enough to be seen and to be separated from the mixture. Particles are large enough to be seen and to be separated from the mixture.

9. Examples of heterogeneous mixtures Sand and pebbles Sand and pebbles Oil and water Oil and water Powdered iron and powdered sulfur Powdered iron and powdered sulfur

10. Granite is a heterogeneous mixture.

11. Suspension

12. Suspension Type of Heterogeneous Mixture Particles are large enough to settle out and be filtered

14. Is it uniform throughout? If the answer is yes, the matter is homogeneous (looks the same throughout). If the answer is yes, the matter is homogeneous (looks the same throughout). That leads us to another question. That leads us to another question.

15. Can it be separated by physical means? If the answer is yes, the matter is a homogeneous mixture or solution. If the answer is yes, the matter is a homogeneous mixture or solution.

16. Homogeneous Mixtures A mixture that appears to be the same throughout. A mixture that appears to be the same throughout. It is “ well mixed. ” It is “ well mixed. ” The particles that make up the mixture are very small and not easily recognizable. The particles that make up the mixture are very small and not easily recognizable.

17. Examples of homogeneous mixtures Milk, toothpaste, and mayonnaise are homogeneous mixtures. They are also colloids.

18. Colloids In a colloid the particles are mixed together but not dissolved. In a colloid the particles are mixed together but not dissolved. The particles are large and are kept permanently suspended. The particles are large and are kept permanently suspended.

19. Colloids A colloid will not separate upon standing. A colloid will not separate upon standing. The particles are constantly colliding, and this allows a colloid to scatter light – thus colloids often seem cloudy. The particles are constantly colliding, and this allows a colloid to scatter light – thus colloids often seem cloudy.

22. Solutions A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another. A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another. It is the best mixed of all mixtures. It is the best mixed of all mixtures.

23. Solutions A solution always has a substance that is dissolved and a substance that does the dissolving. A solution always has a substance that is dissolved and a substance that does the dissolving. The substance that is dissolved is the solute The substance that is dissolved is the solute The substance that does the dissolving is the solvent. The substance that does the dissolving is the solvent.

24. Ocean water is a solution

25. The universal solvent: Water

26. Water as a solvent Many liquid solutions contain water as the solvent. Many liquid solutions contain water as the solvent. Ocean water is basically a water solution that contains many salts. Ocean water is basically a water solution that contains many salts. Body fluids are also water solutions. Body fluids are also water solutions.

27. Types of solutions GasGas Air (oxygen in nitrogen) GasLiquid Soda water (carbon dioxide in water) SolidLiquid Ocean water (salt in water) SoluteSolventExampleSolidSolid Gold jewelry (copper in gold) Metals dissolved in metals are called alloys.

28. Air is a solution of oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen

29. Alloys Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Stainless steel is a mixture of iron and chromium.

30. Solubility Ability to dissolve Ability to dissolve High solubility – dissolves very quickly High solubility – dissolves very quickly Example: Sugar Example: Sugar  Insoluble – Type of substance that does not dissolve

31. Dissolving Process

32. Other terminology related to solutions Concentration – amount of solute to solvent Concentration – amount of solute to solvent Concentrated – type of solution with a lot of solute but little solvent. Concentrated – type of solution with a lot of solute but little solvent. Saturated – Type of solution with so much solute that no more will dissolve; extra solute sinks to bottom Saturated – Type of solution with so much solute that no more will dissolve; extra solute sinks to bottom

34. Physical Methods for Separating Mixtures Evaporation – Solvent evaporates leaving behind the Solute; used to obtain salt from the ocean. Evaporation – Solvent evaporates leaving behind the Solute; used to obtain salt from the ocean.

35. Physical Methods for Separating Mixtures Chromatography – process used to separate colored dyes. Chromatography – process used to separate colored dyes.

36. Physical Methods for Separating Mixtures Distillation – Separation process used to separate liquid solutes and solvents; Used to purify substances Distillation – Separation process used to separate liquid solutes and solvents; Used to purify substances

37. Physical Methods for Separating Mixtures Magnet – Used to separate metallic parts from a mixture Magnet – Used to separate metallic parts from a mixture

39. Can it be separated by physical means? If the answer is no, the matter is a pure substance. If the answer is no, the matter is a pure substance. An element An element Or a compound Or a compound

40. Elements Elements are the simplest pure substance. Elements are the simplest pure substance. An element can not be changed into a simpler substance by heating or any chemical process. An element can not be changed into a simpler substance by heating or any chemical process. The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element is called an atom. The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element is called an atom. An atom is the basic building block of matter. An atom is the basic building block of matter. There are more than one hundred known elements in the universe listed on the periodic table of elements. There are more than one hundred known elements in the universe listed on the periodic table of elements. These elements combine in such a way to create millions of compounds. These elements combine in such a way to create millions of compounds.

41. Elements All elements are made of atoms. All elements are made of atoms. Atoms of the same element are alike. Atoms of the same element are alike. Atoms of different elements are different. Atoms of different elements are different.

42. Elements In 1813, a system of representing elements with symbols was introduced. In 1813, a system of representing elements with symbols was introduced. Each symbol consists of one or two letters. Each symbol consists of one or two letters. Two letters are needed for a chemical symbol when the first letter of that element ’ s name has already been used. Two letters are needed for a chemical symbol when the first letter of that element ’ s name has already been used.

43. Common Elements AluminumAl BromineBr CalciumCa CarbonC GoldAu HeliumHe HydrogenH NitrogenN

44. Compounds Compounds are also pure substances. Compounds are also pure substances. But compounds are made from more than one element. But compounds are made from more than one element. Water is a compound. Water is a compound. Water can be broken down into simpler substances – hydrogen and oxygen. Water can be broken down into simpler substances – hydrogen and oxygen.