1. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network, Enhanced Chapter 2: TCP/IP Architecture

2. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 2 Objectives Understand TCP/IP addressing Describe the overall architecture of TCP/IP Describe Application layer protocols Discuss Transport layer protocols Understand the role of various Internet layer protocols, including IP,ICMP, and ARP Understand Network Interface layer protocols

3. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 3 Introduction To TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Most commonly used network protocol suite today Wide vendor support Open protocol Provides access to Internet services Windows Server 2003 Can use several protocols Many of its main features require the use of TCP/IP

4. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 4 Activity 2-1: Repairing a Network Connection The purpose of this activity is to repair a connection that has a corrupt TCP/IP configuration

5. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 5 IP Addresses An IP address, like a mailing address for a house, is unique An IP addresses has four numbers, each called an octet, that are separated by periods Each octet in an IP address represents eight bits of information A full IP address of four octets is 32 bits long

6. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 6 IP Addresses (continued) An example of an IP address is 192.168.5.66 An IP address is composed of two parts: the network ID and the host ID The network ID represents the network on which the computer is located The host ID represents the individual computer on a network

7. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 7 Subnet Masks A subnet mask defines which part of its IP address is the network ID and which part is the host ID Subnet masks are composed of four octets just like an IP address Wherever there is a 255 in the subnet mask, that octet is part of the network ID Wherever there is a 0 in the subnet mask, that octet is part of the host ID

8. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 8 Subnet Masks (continued) A computer uses its subnet mask to determine Which network it is on Whether other computers are on the same network or a different network If two computers on the same network are communicating, then they can deliver packets directly to each other If two computers are on different networks, they must use a router to communicate

9. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 9 Subnet Masks (continued)

10. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 10 Default Gateway Default gateway is another term for router If a computer does not know how to deliver a packet, it gives the packet to the default gateway to deliver Routers can distinguish multiple networks and how to move packets between them Routers can also figure out the best path to use to move a packet between different networks

11. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 11 Activity 2-2: Viewing IP Address Configuration The purpose of this activity is to view the current IP address settings on a server

12. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 12 IP Address Classes IP addresses are divided into classes: A-E IP address classes can be identified by the first octet Class A addresses use eight bits for the network ID and 24 bits for the host ID Class A networks are only assigned to very large companies and Internet providers Class B addresses use 16 bits for the network ID and 16 bits for the host ID Class B networks are assigned to many larger organizations, such as governments, universities, and companies with several thousand users

13. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 13 IP Address Classes (continued) Class C addresses use 24 bits for the network ID and eight bits for the host ID Class C networks have a relatively small number of hosts and are suited only to smaller organizations Class D addresses are not divided into networks and they cannot be assigned to computers as IP addresses Class D addresses are used for multicasting Class E addresses are considered experimental and are not used

14. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 14 IP Address Classes (continued)

15. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 15 Classless Inter-domain Routing Classless interdomain routing (CIDR) makes Internet routing and assignment of IP addresses more efficient CIDR does not use the default subnet masks for routing. Instead, the subnet mask must be defined for each network

16. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 16 Classless Inter-domain Routing (continued) Definable subnet mask is more flexible and efficient CIDR reduces the number of routing table entries that Internet backbone routers must hold A single routing table entry can replace hundreds or thousands of entries for Class C networks

17. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 17 Reserved Addresses Reserved addresses are a number of IP addresses and IP networks that are reserved for special purposes and either cannot be assigned to hosts or cannot be used on the Internet

18. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 18 DNS Domain Name System (DNS) is used to: resolve host names to IP addresses find domain controllers find e-mail servers DNS is essential for Active Directory to work properly

19. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 19 WINS Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) is used to: resolve NetBIOS names to IP addresses stores information about services such as domain controllers Provide backward compatibility with Windows NT and Windows 9x

20. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 20 DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an automated mechanism to assign IP addresses to clients Automating this process avoids the problem of records being entered incorrectly If a change needs to be made for the IP addressing information, you can simply change the information in the DHCP server

21. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 21 Activity 2-3: Using IPCONFIG to View IP Configuration The purpose of this activity is to view the current IP settings using the IPCONFIG utility

22. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 22 Activity 2-4: Configuring an Alternative IP Configuration The purpose of this activity is to configure alternative IP address information to be used when a DHCP server is unavailable

23. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 23 TCP/IP Architecture Overview The TCP/IP model can be broken down into four layers: Application Transport Internet Network Interface Application layer provides access to network resources It defines rules, commands, and procedures for client to talk to a service running on a server

24. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 24 TCP/IP Architecture Overview (continued) Transport layer is responsible for preparing data to be transported across the network Internet layer is responsible for logical addressing and routing Network Interface layer consists of the network card driver and the network card itself

25. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 25 Application Layer Protocols There are many Application layer protocols, each of which is associated with a client application and service HTTP FTP TELNET SMTP POP3 IMAP4

26. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 26 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the most common protocol used on the Internet today HTTP defines the commands that Web browsers can send and how Web servers are capable of responding

27. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 27 FTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is file-sharing protocol FTP is implemented in stand-alone FTP clients as well as in Web browsers It is safe to say that most FTP users today are using Web browsers

28. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 28 Activity 2-5: Using FTP to Download a File The purpose of this activity is to use FTP to download a utility

29. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 29 TELNET Telnet is a terminal emulation protocol that is primarily used to connect remotely to UNIX and Linux Systems The Telnet protocol specifies how a telnet server and telnet client communicate

30. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 30 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used to send and receive e-mail messages between e-mail servers that are communicating It is used by e-mail client software, such as Outlook Express, to send messages to the server SMTP is never used to retrieve e-mail from a server when you are reading it Other protocols control the reading of e-mail messages

31. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 31 Activity 2-6: Using Telnet to Verify SMTP The purpose of this activity is to use Telnet to verify the functionality of an SMTP server

32. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 32 POP3 Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is the most common protocol used for reading e-mail messages This protocol has commands to download messages and delete messages from the mail server POP3 does not support sending messages POP3 supports only a single inbox and does not support multiple folders for storage on the server

33. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 33 IMAP4 Internet Message Access Protocol version 4 (IMAP4) is another common protocol used to read e-mail messages IMAP4 can download message headers only and allow you to choose which messages to download IMAP4 allows for multiple folders on the server side to store messages

34. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 34 Transport Layer Protocols Transport layer protocols are responsible for getting data ready to move across the network The most common task performed by Transport layer protocols is breaking entire messages down into packets Transport layer protocols use port numbers Each Transport layer protocol has its own set of ports

35. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 35 Transport Layer Protocols (continued) When a packet is addressed to a particular port, the Transport layer protocol knows to which service to deliver the packet The combination of an IP address and port number is referred to as a socket

36. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 36 Transport Layer Protocols (continued) A port number is like an apartment number for the delivery of mail Network ID of the IP address ensures packet is delivered to the correct street (network) Host ID ensures packet is delivered to the correct building (host) Transport layer protocol and port number ensure packet is delivered to the proper apartment (service)

37. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 37 Activity 2-7: Using Port Numbers The purpose of this activity is to Connect to resources using TCP and UDP port numbers

38. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 38 TCP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the most commonly used Transport layer protocol TCP is connection-oriented and reliable Connection-oriented means that TCP creates and verifies a connection with a remote host before sending information Verifies that the remote host exists and is willing to communicate before starting the conversation TCP is the Transport layer protocol used for most Internet services

39. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 39 Activity 2-8: Installing Network Monitor The purpose of this activity is to install Network Monitor to enable packet capturing

40. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 40 Activity 2-9: Viewing a TCP Connection in Network Monitor The purpose of this activity is to capture and view TCP connection packets in Network Monitor

41. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 41 UDP User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Not as commonly used as TCP Used for different services Connectionless and unreliable UDP is the appropriate if Unconcerned about missing packets Want to implement reliability in a special way Streaming audio and video are in this category

42. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 42 Activity 2-10: Capturing UDP Packets in Network Monitor The purpose of this activity is to capture and view UDP packets in Network Monitor

43. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 43 TCP versus UDP TCP is connection-oriented and reliable Like registered mail UDP is connectionless and unreliable Like sending a message split on several postcards and assuming that the receiver will be able to put the message together

44. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 44 Internet Layer Protocols Internet layer protocols are responsible for all tasks related to logical addressing An IP address is a logical address Any protocol that is aware of other networks exists at this layer Each Internet layer protocol is very specialized They include: IP, RIP and OSPF, ICMP, IGMP, and ARP

45. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 45 IP Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for the logical addressing of each packet created by the Transport layer As each packet is built, IP adds the source and destination IP address to the packet

46. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 46 RIP and OSPF Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) are both routing protocols They are responsible for defining how paths are chosen through the internetwork from one computer to another They also define how routers can share information about the networks of which they are aware

47. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 47 ICMP Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP) is used to send IP error and control messages between routers and hosts The most common use of ICMP is the ping utility

48. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 48 Activity 2-11: Testing Host Functionality The purpose of this activity is to test the functionality of a host using the ping command

49. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 49 Activity 2-12: Viewing TTL The purpose of this activity is to view the TTL of a ping packet

50. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 50 IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used for the management of multicast groups Hosts use IGMP to inform routers of their membership in multicast groups Routers use IGMP to announce that their networks have members in particular multicast groups The use of IGMP allows multicast packets to be distributed only to routers that have interested hosts connected

51. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 51 ARP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to convert logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses This is an essential part of the packet delivery process

52. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 52 Activity 2-13: Viewing the ARP Cache The purpose of this activity is to View the contents of the ARP cache

53. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 53 Network Interface Layer Protocols Most of the common Network Interface layer protocols are defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

54. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 54 Summary Windows Server 2003 uses TCP/IP as its primary networking protocol An IP address has a network ID and a host ID A subnet mask defines which part of the IP address is the network ID and which is host ID A default gateway is required to deliver packets of information from one network to another The TCP/IP model is composed of four layers: Application, Transport, Internet, Network Interface

55. 70-293: MCSE Guide to Planning a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network 55 Summary (continued) HTTP is the most common protocol used on the Internet today The two Transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP Internet layer protocols are responsible for all tasks related to logical addressing and are all very specialized Internet layer protocols include IP, RIP, OSPF, ICMP, IGMP, and ARP