2. November 2008ais@aber.ac.uk2 SSI Small Scale Integration Up to 12 equivalent gate circuits on a single chip Includes basic gates and flip-flops

3. November 2008ais@aber.ac.uk3 MSI Medium Scale Integration 13-99 equivalent gates on a single chip Includes logic functions such as encoders, decoders, counters, registers, multiplexers, arithmetic circuits, small memories and others

4. November 2008ais@aber.ac.uk4 LSI Large Scale Integration 100-9,999 equivalent gates on a single chip Includes memories

5. November 2008ais@aber.ac.uk5 VLSI Very Large Scale Integration 10,000-99,999 equivalent gates on a single chip Includes small processors (6802)

6. November 2008ais@aber.ac.uk6 ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration 100,000 or more equivalent gates on a single chip Includes larger memories, and larger single chip microcontrollers and computers

7. November 2008ais@aber.ac.uk7 Microcontrollers – big business A chip manufacturer will typically sell ten times the number of microcontrollers to single microprocessors Industry needs experienced people

8. November 2008ais@aber.ac.uk8 Commercial applications Chrysler transmission and engine control modules Ford digital instrument clusters Canon automatic cameras AT&T mobile cellular phones StairMaster’s physical exercise machine Remote TV controllers Transmitters for radio controlled models

9. November 2008ais@aber.ac.uk9 Motorola 68HC11 Microcontroller Developed in 1985 and upwardly compatible with 6800 type processors Contains built-in memory and interface circuits for embedded control applications Several versions are available e.g. MC68HC11A8, 8K ROM, 512 EEPROM, 256 RAM MC68HC11F1, 64K Ext. Addr. Bus, 512 EEPROM

10. November 2008ais@aber.ac.uk10 The MC68HC11A8

11. November 2008ais@aber.ac.uk11 Peripheral functions include… 8-channel A/D converter with 8 bits resolution Asynchronous Serial Communications Interface (SCI) 16-bit free-running timer system Self-monitoring circuitry to protect against system errors 2 software controlled power saving modes

12. Review

13. Number Systems Decimal Binary Hex

14. Machine Code OP codes Operands Arithmetic/Logical Instructions Branch instruction Addressing Modes

15. Assembly Language Assembler Object Code Simulators

16. CPU Internals Registers ALU Control Unit Buses

17. I/O Memory mapped Interrupts Block I/O

18. ICs and Gates etc What are the connections to a CPU? What are the connections to a memory chip? What is a decoder for? What is a truth table? De Morgan’s Theorem

19. Exams Fill out your name and student number Read the question. Read it again Leave margins blank Explain if you have split a question throughout the booklet. Put the number of each question answered on the front