2. Centre for External Safety ir C.M. van Luijk, director RIVM national institute for public health and the environment

3. External Safety | Jos Post2 Presentation Centre for External Safety Seveso 2 in the Netherlands Emergency respons organisation Safeti/Phast: QRA software Environmental Accident Squad

4. External Safety | Jos Post3 Centre for External Safety External Safety Safety, accidents, risk for THIRD PARTY ‘People outside the fence’ Risk due to chemical substances (Chlorine, LPG) Process, storage, transport The Centre Nearly 20 staff members Most chemists and some physicist

5. External Safety | Jos Post4 Centre for External Safety Our jobs Supporting the Ministry of Environment –policy making Supporting the Environmental Inspectorate and local authorities –assessment of specific risk situations –assesment of safety reports –plant/site visits

6. External Safety | Jos Post5 Some more accidents 1966Feyzin18/0 1970Crescent City 0/0 1974Flixborough28/0* 1975DSM14/0 1976Seveso 0/0 1978Los Alphaques1/216 1984Bhopal0/3000 1984Mexico City650 * Lethalities, in/outside the fence

7. External Safety | Jos Post6 Legislation ‘from Europe’ Seveso directive 82/501 EEC (1982)

8. External Safety | Jos Post7 1986: Premises for Risk Management

9. External Safety | Jos Post8 Legislation ‘from Europe’ Seveso directive (1982) –Besluit Risico’s Zware ongevallen (BRZO, 1988) –The Major Accident Decree (1988) Seveso-2 directive (1996) –BRZO-99 –The Major Accident Decree 1999

10. External Safety | Jos Post9 The Major Accident Decree 1999 Companies have to comply with the Decree when there is a certain amount of chemical substances in process (also intermediates) or storage Limits for specific substances Limits for classes: –(very) toxics, flammables, explosives

11. External Safety | Jos Post10 The Major Accident Decree 1999 Companies need to have a Safety Report –Accident scenario’s –Individual risk –Societal risk Safety management system Emergency plan

12. External Safety | Jos Post11 The Safety Report Companies have to make a safety report according to the coloured books The Yellow Book –Physiscal models The Green Book –Damage and vulnerability models The Purple Book –Guideline for using the Yellow and Green books, other information and how to prepare a safety report

13. External Safety | Jos Post12 Again the QUESTION: Why are we doing all of this?

14. External Safety | Jos Post13 Enschede 2000

15. External Safety | Jos Post14 Centre for External Safety National Institute of Public Health and the Environment 1800 employees Bilthoven, the Netherlands Our centre Since 2002 18 (scientific) employees –explosives: 3 –dangerous substances in general: 15 Chemists / chemical engineers & physicists

16. External Safety | Jos Post15 External Safety

17. External Safety | Jos Post16 Individual Risk 10 -8 10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 Still some risk at this place 10 -6 no new houses existing houses, offices allowed 10 -5 no houses no vulnarable objects

18. External Safety | Jos Post17 Potential loss of life (PLL) 1101001000 10 -8 10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 Societal Risk Lethal victims (N) Frequency (F)

19. External Safety | Jos Post18 Who are we working for? Ministry of Environment –policy making Environmental Inspectorate and local authorities –assessment of specific risk situations (spatial planning) –assessment of safety reports –plant/site visits other Ministries regional fire brigades ….

20. External Safety | Jos Post19 Responsibilities in the Netherlands Companies - request permit local authoriteis - give permits - controling companies Environmental Inspectorate supervising the - local authoriteis - companies Ministry of Environment - Policy and legislation

21. External Safety | Jos Post20 Support of Ministry of Environment Guidelines for Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) –method development Register for risk situations involving hazardous substances KIEV-project –solving the problem of spatial planning and transport of hazardous substances in several city areas

22. External Safety | Jos Post21 Quantitative Risk Assesment (QRA) - support of Ministry of Environment CPR 18E: Dutch QRA guideline for establisments and transport 1selection of risk determining installations 2general incident scenarios and failure data for vessels, reactors, pipes, warehouses …. 3outflow and dispersion flammable, toxic and explosive substances 4Exposure to humans (dosis effect relations) 5Results: individual and societal risk curves

23. External Safety | Jos Post22 Acceptable risk Not Acceptable Nigligible Individual Risk 10 -6 /year 10 -8 /year Increasing risk 10 -5 /year Acceptable if NEW

24. External Safety | Jos Post23 Risk contour example

25. External Safety | Jos Post24 Register for risk situations - support of Ministry of Environment Establishments –SEVESO II companies, ammonia cooling installations, storage of chemicals / fireworks, LPG filling stations, shunting yards etc. Transport routes –road, rail, water, pipelines Substances (toxic, explosive, flammable) Effect distances, risk contours Internet (map scale 1 : 10,000)

26. External Safety | Jos Post25

27. External Safety | Jos Post26 Support of the environmental inspectorate Emergency response organisation for chemical accidents –24 hours a day, 7 days a week Toulouse 2001: Investigation on production plants and storage of ammoniumnitrate in the Netherlands Evaluation of the implementation of SEVESO II Directive (of 30 SEVESO companies) –study of safety reports –on-site inspection of safety management system and technical safety measures to prevent major accidents

28. External Safety | Jos Post27 Support of local authorities Assessment of specific situations (spatial planning): –establishments –transport routes of hazardous substances examples: –safety distances, –domino effects –preventive and repressive measures –fire extinguishing systems in warehouses –…...

29. External Safety | Jos Post28 Efforts in the field of fireworks and explosives 2 permanent full time positions: –Soedesh Mahesh –Mirjam van der Plas advising and supporting: –national government –regional and local authorities –environmental inspectorates –legal advisors (fire brigade) scientific-technical know-how knowledge on policy (making) CEV can advise, not ‘must’

30. External Safety | Jos Post29 calculated individual risc contours

31. External Safety | Jos Post30 Consumer fireworks: class 1.4 Professional fireworks: 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1 Maximum storage quantity for professional fireworks: 6000 kg Safety distances professional fireworks storage: –<750 kg: 400 m –>750 to 6000 kg: 800 m Given this requirements: not realised in NL Fireworks Act

32. External Safety | Jos Post31 Support in the field of fireworks Advice on actual situations concerning storage and sale of consumer fireworks Transfer of fireworks containers in Dutch seaports Safety distances to the public during a fireworks display Employee safety during a fireworks display CEN Technical Committee 212 Contribution to various expert committees, i.e. CHAF (NL-part and Critical Review Panel)

33. External Safety | Jos Post32 Storage, transport and transfer of explosives for civil use in NL No legislation for storage and transfer Explosives include also ammunition Guidance on storage: –new situations: effect approach –existing situations: effect approach, in case of conflicting objects: risk approach –method for existing situations deduced from method for storage for military purposes Assessment of transfer as yet equal to that of storage

34. External Safety | Jos Post33