1. Chapter two Early Societies in Southwest Asia and Early African Societies

2. I- The Quest for Order A. Mesopotamia: the land between the rivers” 1. Valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates

3. 2. Little rain so area needs irrigation 3. Food supplies increase a. human population increases b. migrants to the area increase, especially Semites c. Sumer (in south) becomes population center

4. Genesis 10:10 And in the beginning of his kingdom was Babel and Erech and Accad and Calneh in the land of Shinar (Sumer)…

5. 4. First cities emerge, 4000 B.C.E. a. between 3200 and 2350 B.C.E., they involve into city-states (control of surrounding region) b. governments sponsor building projects and irrigation

6. d. Kingships evolve with cooperation of noble families c. attacks by others led to wall building and military development

7. B. The course of empire 1.Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 B.C.E ) a. coup against King of Kish b. seizes trade routes and natural resources c. gradually empire weakens and collapses about 2000 B.C.E.

8. 2. Hammarabi Centralizes the bureaucracy and regulates taxation Capital is Babylon Law Code: law of retribution and importance of social status Hitte assault and empire crumbles 1595 B.C.E.

9. c. The later Mesopotamia empires 1.Assyrians (northern Mesopotamia), about 1300-625 B.C.E. a. cities: Assur and Ninevah b. powerful army: professional officers (merit), chariots, archers, iron weapons c. unpopular rule leads to rebellions; ends 612 B.C.E

10. chariots

11. 2. New Babylonian empire, 600-550 B.C.E. a.Nebuchadnezzar (605 – 552 B.C.E. )

12. a.Hanging gardens of palace shows wealth and luxury

13. II- The formation of a complex society and sophisticated cultural traditions A. Economic specialization and trade 1. Bronze (made from copper and tin) used in weapons and later agricultural tools 2. Iron (about 1000 B.C.E.) cheaper and more widely available; used in weapons and tools

14. 3. Wheel (about 3000B.C.E.) helps trade; carts can carry more goods further 4. Shipbuilding: maritime trade increases in all directions, network develops

15. The emergence of a stratified patriarchal society Social classes Cities: provide more opportunity to accumulate wealth

16. Standard of Ur (shows social classes) Ziggurat

17. Kings: (hereditary) and nobles (royal family and supporters) are highest class Priests and priestesses rule temple communities with large incomes and staff

18. Free commoners (peasants), dependant clients (no property), pay taxes and labor on building projects

19. Slaves (POW’s, criminals, debt servitude): mostly domestic servants

20. Patriarchy 1. Hammurabi’s code: men are head of household 2. Women get fewer rights after 2000 B.C.E.; by 1500 B.C.E. are wearing veils

21. The development of written cultural traditions - Reed stylus (wedge shaped) pressed in clay then baked - mostly commercial and tax documents

22. Education: vocation to be scribe or government official

23. Literature: astronomy, mathematics, abstract (religious and literary like Gilgamesh)

24. III- The broader influence of Mesopotamian society Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews 1. Early Hebrews are pastoral nomads between Mesopotamia and Egypt (second millennium B.C.E.)

25. - settle in cities - Abraham leads group to Palestine 1850 B.C.E. - Descendents borrow law of retribution and flood story from Mesopotamia

26. Some migrate to Egypt in eighteenth century B.C.E. - 12 tribes become Israelites - Mesopotamia style monarchs with Jerusalem as its capital - David (1000-970 B.C.E. ) then Solomon (970-930 B.C.E. )

27. Moses and monotheism Ten Commandments: moral and ethical standards for followers Compilation of teachings into Torah (1000-400 B.C.E.)

28. -Deportees return to Judea; become known as Jews (586 B.C.E.) -Prophets in this period increase devotion to people -Build distinct Jewish community in Judea with strong group identity

29. The Phoenicians -First settlers about 3000 B.C.E. ; develop kingdoms of independent city states

30. Little agriculture, live on trade and communication networks - Overland trade to Mesopotamia; influence on culture - Sea trade most important, get raw materials, trade for manufactured goods

31. Have early alphabetical script (1500 B.C.E. )

32. -Linguists discover similarities between many languages; they must be related -Originate in steppes of Central Asia: pastoral people, 4500-2500 B.C.E. - Domesticate horses; learn to ride; use horses with carts, then chariots

33. IV- Indo-European migrations Indo-European origins

34. Indo-European expansion and its effects Indo-European society breaks up about 3000 B.C.E.; peoples gradually migrate Hittites settle in central Anatolia about 2000 B.C.E. - build powerful kingdoms - conquer Babylonian empire 1595B.C.E. - dissolve by about 1200 B.C.E.

35. Technology: Light horse drawn chariots (spokes) and iron metallurgy

36. - Some migrate into central Asia by 2000 B.C.E. -Other migrations: Greece, Italy, central Europe, western Europe, Britain - all pastoral agriculturalists - all speak related languages and worship similar deities - later wave of migrations to Iran and India (Aryan)

37. Egypt – northeastern Africa

39. A View of Egypt by Satellite

40. The Fertile Nile Valley

41. The Annual Flooding of the Nile

42. Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

43. Ancient Egyptian History PeriodsTime Frame Nile Culture Begins3900 B. C. E. Archaic3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

44. Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c. 3050 B. C. E. ?

45. Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

46. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

47. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

48. Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

49. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must- Haves” Perfume Whigs Mirror

50. Egyptian Social Hierarchy

51. Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Thutmose III 1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. Tutankham on 1336-1327 B. C. E.

52. Egyptian Nobility

53. Egyptian Priestly Class

54. Egyptian Scribe

55. Papyrus  Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece

56. Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship 110100100010,000100,0001,000,000 What number is this?

57. Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

58. Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

59. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

60. Egyptian Creation Myth The Goddess Nut

61. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

62. Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul- spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

63. Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10.Frankinsense

64. Preparation for the Afterlife

65. Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E.

66. Journey to the Underworld A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

67. Egyptian Book of the Dead

68. The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

69. Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

70. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

71. “Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

72. Giza Pyramid Complex

73. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

74. The Valley of the Kings

75. Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

76. Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

77. King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask 1336-1327 B. C. E.

78. King Tutankhamon

79. King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

80. Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

81. The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 1473-1458 B. C. E.

82. Ankhenaton: First Monotheist? 1352-1336 B. C. E.

83. The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

84. Queen Nefertiti

85. Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II 1279-1213 B. C. E.

86. Who Are These Strange People?

87. Routes of the “Sea Peoples” The end of the Bronze Age!