1. 1 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES NSLS-II SRX Beamline Tony Lanzirotti SRX Beamline Advisory Team Chair The University of Chicago, CARS Experimental Facilities Advisory Committee Meeting April 23-24, 2009 April 23-24, 2009

2. 2 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Sub-micron Resolution X-ray (SRX) spectroscopy Team Beamline Advisory Team Members: Antonio Lanzirotti (Leader) - Antonio Lanzirotti (Leader) - Univ. of Chicago (microprobe design, operation and applications) Peter Eng - Peter Eng - Univ. of Chicago (beamline design/optics and instrumentation) Jeffrey Fitts - Jeffrey Fitts - BNL (environmental science applications, XAS) Keith Jones - Keith Jones - BNL (microprobe design, CMT design) Lisa Miller - Lisa Miller - BNL (life science probe design and application) Matt Newville - Matt Newville - Univ. of Chicago (XAS design, operation and applications) Paul Northrup - Paul Northrup - BNL (beamline design, management, environmental science applications) Richard Reeder - Richard Reeder - Stony Brook Univ. (microprobe applications in earth & environmental science) Mark Rivers - Mark Rivers - Univ. of Chicago (detector and control systems design) Stephen Sutton - Stephen Sutton - Univ. of Chicago (microprobe design, management and operation) Stefan Vogt - Stefan Vogt - ANL (zone plate microprobe design and operation, applications to life sciences) Gayle Woloschak - Gayle Woloschak - Northwestern Univ. (biological applications of zone plate microprobes)NSLS-II: Paul Northrup – Paul Northrup – Interim Group Leader (Hutch design, FOE component layout, accelerator group liaison) Andy Broadbent – Andy Broadbent – Beamlines Manager (budget overview, management oversight) Jürgen Thieme – Jürgen Thieme – Group Leader (July 2009) Institute for X-Ray Physics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen Led the project of building a scanning transmission X-ray microscope at the electron storage ring BESSY II, principally for spectromicroscopy in environmental sciences.

3. 3 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES SRX Scientific Mission Workshops held by scientific communities (such as Earth, Environmental, and Life sciences, Hard Condensed Matter and Materials sciences, Chemical and Energy sciences) have all identified analytical resources that must be developed to advance our understanding complex natural and engineered systems that are heterogeneous on the micron to submicron scale. Higher intensity focused x-ray probes to enable the next generation of research Focused beam instruments with a broad, tunable and scanable range of photon energy from 2-25 keV for elemental imaging and sub-µm spectroscopy Versatility of focal spot size and sample geometry to accommodate varying sample needs * Accessibility of absorption edges. Accessibility to fluorescence lines even larger.

4. 4 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Beamline Requirements and Specifications LOI Proposal: A sub-micrometer probe, insertion device sector consisting of two beamlines, each supplied by an optimized undulator with the two undulators in a canted geometry. Station KB: –a Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror based instrument –energy range between 4-25 keV –spatial resolution adjustable from >1000 nm down to 100 nm –instrumentation for XRF, XAS, XRD and fCMT (achromatic + long WD) –50x > flux than current KB-microprobes in a 2000 nm spot Station ZP: (not in initial scope) –a zone plate based instrument –energy range between 2-15 keV –target spatial resolution of 30 nm –instrumentation for XRF, XANES and imaging –2x > flux than current ZP-microprobes in a 200 nm spot Share a common sample mounting and registry system

5. 5 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Scientific areas where SRX will enable significant advances Health Hazards of Contaminated Materials, “Bad Metals” (contaminants in agriculture and drinking water, actinides from nuclear production, industrial emissions, mechanisms of toxicity) Processes at the Interfaces between Minerals and Micro-organisms (biogeochemistry of microbe-mineral interactions, understanding biofilm processes, CO 2 sequestration) Global Effects of Particulates and Organisms in the Atmosphere and Oceans (metals cycling, effects on climate change, modeling airborne emissions) Evolution of Our Solar System (interplanetary dust particles, comet dust, NASA sample return) Environmental Genomics (metal homeostatis, ionomics, metallomics, biofuels studies) Essential Metals in Cells and Organisms and in Disease Mechanisms (nutrient acquisition, metal detoxification, microbial pathogenesis, bioremediation, diseases related to altered levels of metal ions at subcellular level) Metals as Therapies (understanding molecular level mechanisms of metal based therapies) Metals in Imaging and Diagnostics (imaging of metal contrast agents, molecular imaging of “marker” proteins) Catalysis and Chemical processes on the Single Particle Scale (coupled µXAS/µXRD of catalytic particles and interfaces to follow processes such as oxidation) Materials Science (elemental partitioning in microelectronics, elemental diffusion into microcrystalline domains due to aging of plastics and alloys, tracking redox changes of single particle contaminants in batteries and silicon solar cells)

6. 6 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES SRX Project Beamline Milestones First SRX BAT meeting and MOU signing October 30, 2008. First SRX BAT meeting and MOU signing October 30, 2008. Many design aspects since then adjusted to incorporate BAT recommendations already (Northrup, Broadbent). Many design aspects since then adjusted to incorporate BAT recommendations already (Northrup, Broadbent). SRX Group Leader hired by NSLS- II project July 2009. SRX Group Leader hired by NSLS- II project July 2009. April 1, 2008 – SREEL BAT submits LOI to NSLS-II project. April 1, 2008 – SREEL BAT submits LOI to NSLS-II project. LOI reviewed by EFAC at May 5-7, 2008 meeting (one of 11 LOIs). EFAC report received June 2008. LOI reviewed by EFAC at May 5-7, 2008 meeting (one of 11 LOIs). EFAC report received June 2008. Microprobe spectroscopy beamline selected as one of the six beamlines to be built within the project scope September 2, 2008. Renamed SRX. Microprobe spectroscopy beamline selected as one of the six beamlines to be built within the project scope September 2, 2008. Renamed SRX.

7. 7 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Response to Comments from EFAC CommentResponse The EFAC felt the case for the zone plate nanoprobe was not strong. EFAC therefore supports the KB branch more strongly than the ZP one. Published KB designs can already reach 30nm. KB branch will be constructed as part of initial project scope, optimized for 4.65- 23.3 keV. ZP later (mature scope). No coincident microscopy is planned: with 50-nm probes, visible-light microscopy cannot be used to identify the location of the chemical signatures in thin sections or on surfaces. BAT has requested adjacent microscopy laboratory facility with integrated registry system for off-line characterization and targeting. On-line sub-micron XRD and phase contrast techniques will help. Other microscopies being evaluated. EFAC felt that it might not be good policy for a centrally operated facility such as NSLS-2 to build beamlines catering to special interest groups such as earth, environmental and life scientists. As a project beamline access to all users will be through the NSLS-II GU program and be merit based & peer reviewed. The BAT will consider if the NSLS-II PU proposals may be an avenue of enhancing support for key science groups. “The EFAC was impressed with the presentation of a beamline plan to build a pair of undulator beamlines for the earth, environmental and life sciences. The design was one of the most detailed presented with full, realistic estimates of the sizes and apertures of all the optics (i.e. mirrors) needed to achieve the small spot sizes required.” Thank You!

8. 8 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Beamline Overview Canted geometry consists of an undulator optimized for lower energy (ZP) in the upstream position and one optimized for higher energy (KB) in the downstream position. The total cant shown is 2 mrad. This is minimum acceptable, provides sufficient space to place separate apertures around each beam before they exit the shield wall and adequate separation in the end stations. not in initial scope 100nm 30nm Only one undulator is in initial scope

9. 9 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES SRX-KB Conceptual Design Canted, on a short (low beta) straight Canted, on a short (low beta) straight 4.65–23.3 keV incident photon energy 4.65–23.3 keV incident photon energy Suitable harmonic rejection Suitable harmonic rejection Continuously variable energy range over the energy range specified with no gaps Continuously variable energy range over the energy range specified with no gaps No scientifically “important” edges (e.g. U L3) caught badly in a transition between harmonics No scientifically “important” edges (e.g. U L3) caught badly in a transition between harmonics Removable Assume Windowless Ops. w/ differential pump Phosphors, filters and imaging devices Cryogenically cooled Horizontally diffracting Rh and bare Si stripes 280 mm, 2.5 mrad inc. angle w/ bender BPM and feedback to stabilize SHS by controlling the HFM pitch by controlling the HFM pitch 100 mm H-KB, 280 mm V-KB < 0.2 µrad RMS (requires effort) e-e-

10. 10 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES SRX Conceptual Design SRX-KBhutch SRX-ZPhutch FOE FOE ZP mirror pair KB & ZP DCM’s KB HFM PhotonShutters Shielded Beampipe downstream

11. 11 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES SRX Conceptual Design 2 mrad canting angle KB ZP downstream

12. 12 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Vertical Optical Layout of the KB Branch Vertical optics layout for the KB beamline showing a single 280 mm long vertical focusing mirror at 56.23 m Calculations by Peter Eng (SRX BAT)

13. 13 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Horizontal Optical Layout of the KB Branch Horizontal optics layout and scatter plots for the KB beamline with a secondary horizontal source at 53.6 m, produced by a horizontal focusing mirror at 34.8 m. Working distance ~ 30 mm. Calculations by Peter Eng (SRX BAT)

14. 14 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Selected SRX BAT Recommendations ItemsStatus Detailed interaction with BAT for individual components (use our expertise). In progress, A. Broadbent and P. Northrup have had frequent meetings with BAT members on design Pursue discussions with User community to prioritize research projects and allow them to open discussions with other funding agencies. User workshop being planned by BAT for late 2009 Optical Design: We envision the need to maintain sample/beam stability on the sample at a 10 nm level. Consider suggestions for BPMs – current plans may be inadequate given likely stability requirements Vigorous evaluation of beamline stability required. BAT member collaborations with ASP on their microprobe design shows significant potential similarities in design which can provide lessons learned. Commission an optical study from IDT (optical performance, thermal evaluation, stability requirements) Specification for energy stability and reproducibility recommended to be 0.1 eV In progress: P. Siddons and P. Yoon developing BMP systems Broadbent evaluating BPM requirements and ASP layout Optical Study commissioned from IDT for summer 2009

15. 15 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Selected SRX BAT Recommendations ItemsStatus Sample Environments: Environmentally controlled hutches to reduce thermal instability, development and utilization of an active registry system for KB/ZP sample interchangeability (i.e. active laser interferometer ), specialized enclosed sample environment will be needed, cryo cooling, etc. To be evaluated. XRadia chambers a potential starting design. Beamline Controls: EPICS, but evaluate new User interfaces and hardware standards (eg. Fieldbus, Java IOC). To be evaluated. Bob Dalesio (Controls Group Leader) will act as lead on this effort in collaboration with BAT. IVU Recommendations: 4 mrad canting angle should be pursued if possible (2 mrad is absolute minimum) Evaluate suitable devices to achieve 4.65–23.3 keV incident photon energy, suitable harmonic rejection, continuously variable energy range over the energy range specified with no gaps. Evaluate of the feasibility of continuous scanning of the undulator gap with optical/interferometry feedback from the monochromator for spectroscopy Canting angles being evaluated by accelerator group. P. Northrup and O. Tchoubar have evaluated IVU options and presented to BAT, candidate device selected (discussion follows). IVU Feedback mechanisms to be evaluated. Monochromator Design: consider the potential utility of a horizontally diffracting cryo-cooled DCM for SRX-KB (discussion follows). Has been specified for evaluation as part of IDT optical study * BAT Meeting summary contains many additional suggestions and recommendations.

16. 16 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES NSLS-II Accelerator Restrictions The device length, for a given minimum gap, is defined by the beta function for the straight. Minimum allowable gap of 5.0 mm. IVU must fit in half-straight with room for canting magnets. This means that 0.5m needs to be removed, then space divided in half, as two devices are fitted to the straight.

17. 17 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Evaluation suggests a 1.5 m long, 21 mm period device with a minimum magnet gap of 5.5 mm will provide excellent performance at the lowest specified energies at the 3rd harmonic energy for 3.0 GeV beam < 4.65 keV. This will also provide at the highest operational energy range (23.3 keV Rh K edge practical limit).

18. 18 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Potential SRX Monochromator Design Australian Synchrotron’s X-Ray Fluorescence Microprobe horizontally diffracting monochromator: Australian Synchrotron’s X-Ray Fluorescence Microprobe horizontally diffracting monochromator: No gravity effect, eliminating distortions such as crystal cage twist and sag and unwanted angular rotations of the second crystal. Eliminates need for longitudinal second crystal translation stage A properly designed horizontal DCM can be mechanically more stable particularly as energy is changed. Horizontal deflection can increase separation between the KB and ZP branches. Horizontal diffraction will enable the beam defining aperture to filter out any horizontal vibration and slope errors. Space for incorporating interchangeable lattice cuts, including Si(311) DCM and DMM as potential upgrades. Potential performance benefits of utilizing dread-lock vs. braided copper cooling designs. Potential complications to evaluate: Intensity loss of intensity due to polarization losses Potential beam divergence effects compared to vertical geometry ASP Microprobe DCM

19. 19 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Overall Project Beamline Budget SRX Cost Estimate is $10,707,772 The costs were adapted from XAS XAS  SRX swap is feasible with $1.9M, mainly from high-heatload optics, redirected for ID development and purchase (which XAS didn’t incur) Detailed cost re-analysis is part of planned FY09 design efforts (SRX Group Leader) Only the KB branch of SRX is included in baseline, but space and design accommodations are made for development of ZP branch

20. 20 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSOCIATES Conceptual Design Report due September 2009 Next BAT meeting June/July 2009 Group Leader on hand IDT optical report will be in hand summer 2009 NSLS-II and SRX front end design refined Undulator specs refined and incorporated into SRX design Cost estimate and schedule updated Beamline scientist hired User Workshop by end of 2009