1. Wireless sensor Grid - Reports LTER ASM Meeting, Workshop on Sensor Networks; NSF Workshop Report on Environmental Cyberinfrastructure Needs for Distributed Sensor Wireless Sensor Networks and Their Applications in the Environment Thursday 29 January 2004 Peter Arzberger

2. Long Term Ecological Research Network LTER Network is a collaborative effort –More than 1100 scientists and students involved investigating –Ecological processes over long temporal and broad spatial scales. The Network promotes synthesis and comparative research across sites and ecosystems and among other related national and international research programs. The NSF established the LTER program in 1980 to –Support research on long-term ecological phenomena in the United States. –Provide information for the identification and solution of ecological problems The 24 LTER Sites represent diverse ecosystems and research emphases The LTER Network Office coordinates communication, network publications, and research-planning activities. http://www.lternet.edu

3. Long Term Ecological Research Network 1. Andrews LTER (AND) 2. Arctic LTER (ARC) 3. Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) 4. Bonanza Creek LTER (BNZ) 5. Central Arizona - Phoenix (CAP) 6. Cedar Creek LTER (CDR) 7. Coweeta LTER (CWT) 8. Harvard Forest (HFR) 9. Hubbard Brook LTER (HBR) 10.Jornada Basin (JRN) 11.Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) 12.Konza LTER (KNZ) 13.Luquillo LTER (LUQ) 14.McMurdo Dry Valleys (MCM) 15.Niwot Ridge LTER (NWT) 16.North Temperate Lakes (NTL) 17.Palmer Station (PAL) 18.Plum Island Ecosystem (PIE) 19.Sevilleta LTER (SEV) 20.Shortgrass Steppe (SGS) 21.Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR) 22.Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE) 23.Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) 24.Santa Barbara Coastal (SBC)

4. International LTER Network Launched in 1993 http://www.ilternet.edu Current Chair, ILTER: Hen-Biau King, TFRI

5. Exploring New Spatial and Temporal Scales in Ecology Using Wireless Sensor Networks September 2003 All Scientist Meeting of the Long Term Ecological Research Participants –Tim Kratz, Paul Hanson: North Temperate Lakes –Stuart Gage: Kellogg Biological Field Station –Hen-biau King, TERN; and Fang-Pang Lin, NCHC –John Porter: Virginia Coast Region –Bill Michener: LTER Network Office

6. Goals of LTER Workshop To identify scientific research opportunities and areas enabled and opened up by wireless sensor networks –New Science –Cross-Site or Synthetic Research –Impact of working at new spatial or temporal scales To exchange information on capabilities, techniques and technologies, and experiences for wireless sensor networks –Lessons Learned –Biggest Challenges Develop products that help achieve the goals above

7. VCR/LTER Wireless Net John Porter, Tom Williams, Dave Smith The VCR/LTER uses a hybrid network with both proprietary 900 MHz and standard WiFi 802.11b 2.4 GHz wireless Ethernet connections. Areas within line of sight of our two towers are tinted in yellow 900 MHz 2 Mb/s 802.11b 11 Mb/s = VCR/LTER Lab Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve http://www.lternet.edu/sites/vcr/

8. Uses of Wireless at VCR/LTER Real-time Meteorological & Tide data Web Cameras (6 currently deployed) Access to networked data resources (e.g., the web) in the field Integrated camera/ web server/radio/power Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

9. Uses of Webcams Capture time series Education Non-obtrusive observation Observe rare events “A picture is worth a thousand words” Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

10. Wireless Webcam –pre Isabel Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

11. During Isabel Source: John PorterSource: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

12. Early Isabel Source: John PorterSource: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

13. Peak Flooding Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

14. Isabel Winds Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve “Sensors can be where it is too dangerous for humans”

15. Some lessons learned Power supplies, not radios, are the most difficult component –Most consumer-grade DC-DC voltage converters are power hogs –Use cheap inverters, not expensive ones The cheap ones reset automatically if batteries are drawn down, expensive ones don’t…. –Use digital, not analog timers to cut down on hours of operation to save power Cheap inverters have poor frequency control Source: John Porter VCR

16. North Temperate Lakes Crystal Lake is in foreground and Trout Lake is in background http://www.lternet.edu/sites/ntl/ Freshwater important for human survival; habitat important of other species Source Paul Hanson, NTL

17. North Temperate Lakes University of Wisconsin Automated Sampling Buoys Sensors Picture of Lab Freewave Picture of Buoy Freewave Communication Source: Paul Hanson, Tim Kratz, NTL

18. Continuous monitoring provides opportunity for pattern discovery And understanding relationships between variable Source: Paul Hanson, Tim Kratz, NTL

19. Successes (the dedicated network) Building large platforms Establishing bi-directional communication Publishing data to the Web Studying processes contained within an ecosystem Studying processes at few spatio-temporal resolutions Current Exploration (the adaptive network) Optimizing wireless networks Auto-configuring ad hoc networks Managing the data load from ad hoc networks Managing power Distributing data to diverse clients Developing network intelligence Studying links across ecosystem boundaries Studying processes at multiple spatio-temporal resolutions Source: Paul Hanson, Tim Kratz, NTL

20. Where to from here? Better power sources More radio range Communication among sensors Adaptive Sampling run by intelligent agents Scalable systems Source: Paul Hanson, Tim Kratz, NTL

21. Development of Wireless Instrumentation for Remote Environmental Acoustic Sensing Stuart Gage Computational Ecology and Visualization Laboratory Michigan State University http://www.lternet.edu/sites/kbs/ Source: Stuart Gage, KBS

22. Diurnal Curve of Total Activity in an Agricultural/Forested Landscape Cooper Ranch 2002/08/24 Diurnal Curve of Total Activity in an Urban/Human Dominated Landscape Ferris State 2002/05/23 Sound as an Ecological Indicator and a Stressor As an Ecological Indicator- The integrity and dynamics of an ecosystem may be correlated to the complexity of that ecosystem’s soundscape. As a Stressor- Organisms require communication for their survival. Organism population may be inversely proportional to the degree of acoustic disruption. Source: Stuart Gage, KBS

23. Server and Digital Library Clickable Ecosystem Website Environmental Acoustics Analysis System Internet Community Clickable Ecosystem Monitoring Computer Weather StationDigital CameraMicrophone Satellite Uplink Environmental Acoustic Monitoring Infrastructure Source: Stuart Gage, KBS

24. MOE NPUST NDHU NCHC-HQ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NCHC-CENTRAL NCHC-SOUTH EcoGrid Expanding http://ecogrid.nchc.org.tw/ Fushan Source: Fang-Pang Lin Yuan Yang Lake

25. HPWREN connected topology agenda May 2002 Backbone/relay node Science site Researcher location Education site Incident mgmt. site Palomar Observatory Mt. Laguna Observatory UCSD/SDSC Santa Margarita Ecological Reserve Pala Indian Res. San Pasqual Indian Res. Rincon Indian Res. La Jolla Indian Res. Pauma Indian Res. Mesa Grande Indian Res. Los Coyotes Indian Res. Santa Ysabel Indian Res. SIO Scripps Pier Courtesy Hans-Werner Braun http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/

26. Mt. Woodson area to North Peak to UCSD Hans-Werner Braun Doug Bartlett to Dan Cayan to Indian Reservations Courtesy Hans-Werner Braun

27. HPWREN Applications Ecology: –Stream Sensors, –Behavioral Ecology Oceanography Astronomy Earthquake Engineering Geophysics Crisis Management Distance Education Multiple applications on same wireless backbone

28. Instrumenting the Environment Courtesy NSF Brochure

29. This model can be replicated and scaled to meet the challenges of global environmental observing, analysis, and action http://www.nsf.gov/pubsys/ods/ getpub.cfm?nsf04549

30. http://lternet.edu/ sensor_report/ cyberRforWeb.pdf Participants:Deborah Estrin, Bill Michener,Greg Bonito Total: more than 85 AP Community: Masayuki Hirafuji (NARO), Fang-Pang Lin (NCHC), Shinji Shimojo (Osaka)

31. Overarching View: Sensor Networks Revolutionary Tool for Studying the Environment Enables Scientists to Reveal Previously Unobservable Phenomena New Cyberinfrastructure Capabilities and Infrastructure, Methodology, Middleware, People Needed These will lead to paradigm shift in science

32. Overarching View: Sensor Networks Revolutionary Tool for Studying the Environment – Spatially extended networks of multivariable intelligent sensor arrays are seen as revolutionary tools for studying the environment. Enables Scientists to Reveal Previously Unobservable Phenomena – The temporally and spatially dense monitoring afforded by this technology portends a major paradigm New Cyberinfrastructure Capabilities and Infrastructure, Methodology, Middleware, People Needed – To realize this vision will require above and a community of multidisciplinary scientists and engineers – To pose newly-enabled scientific questions.

33. Vision of Environmental Sensor Networks SCALE: Pervasive in situ sensing of the broad array of environmental and ecological phenomena across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. INFRASTRUCTURE: Sensor networks should be robust and autonomous, be inexpensive and long- lived, have minimal infrastructure requirements, and be flexible (expandable and programmable) and easily deployed and managed DATA: Sensor network data should be maximally self-documenting and of known quality, readily integrated with other sensor data, and easily assimilated.

34. Key Areas of Discussion and Recommendations Sensing Technology Deployed Sensor Arrays Cyberinfrastructure for Sensor Networks Error Resiliency Security Data Management Metadata Analysis and visualization Education Outreach Collaboration and Partnerships

35. Sensing Technology What are the greatest needs for sensor component development for the different communities represented? Recommendations: –Design more capable sensors Long-term integrity Performance Interactivity Minimal environmental impact Minimal Power consumption

36. Deployed Sensor Arrays What are the most urgent needs in relation to deploying sensor arrays in the field to achieve the overarching vision of the report? Recommendations –Invest in prototyping and end-to-end testbeds Tested in large-scale natural environments across range of applications Validation, comparison with traditional monitoring systems Sensor networks include sensors, network security, information technologies Automated system layout and coverage estimation; composition and configuration of synthetic and simple sesnors; validation and calibration of sensor systems

37. Cyberinfrastructure for Sensor Network Support new genre of cyberinfrastructure research and development for scalable sensor arrays –Middleware and services (time synchronization, localization, in situ calibration, adaptive duty cycling, programmable tasking, triggered imagine) needed for hyper-scalability, sustainability, and heterogeneity Build the requisite Grid and Web services –To convert raw environmental data into information and knowledge

38. Security and Error Resiliency How can we construct flexible, light-weight systems that are secure? (e.g. not excessively vulnerable to denial of service, inappropriate access) How do we best characterize and optimize data quality from systems composed of large numbers of noisy/faulty channels? Recommendations: –Need solutions for free/open access to most data, but protect network, sensors, and sensitive data –Need tools for self-diagnosis and self-healing of network, and resilient operation when some nodes compromised.

39. Metadata and Data Management What metadata developments are needed to promote data discover, access, integration, synthesis? How do we best manage diverse, heterogeneous data streams (biological, physical, chemical …)? Recommendations: –Support development of metadata tools (for automated metadata and data encoding) –Engage community in standardization efforts Community includes sensor developers, users, informatics specialists, standards organization Focus on design, development implementation, testing, adoption stages

40. Analysis and Visualization What tools are needed for analyzing and visualizing complex, multidisciplinary, spatially extended data? Recommendations –Algorithm development – drawing from statistics, machine learning, visualization –Work in high-bandwidth sensor streams –Tools for mobile devises –Tools that integrate high-resolution imagery and video, high-fidelity audio and tactile interfaces to support virtual and augmented reality environments

41. Education and Outreach Train in interdisciplinary setting Outreach to public, decision-makers and resource managers needed –Information systems needed

42. Collaborating and Partnering Build Partnerships –Universities, research labs, industry, standards organizations Sustain long term deployment –To keep facilities alive, evolving, and non-obsolescent –Need funding for staffing for stewardship and management Promote open source solutions and repositories –Need incentives for and ease of contributing to open source toolsets, models and testbeds Allow for developing reusable system components and enhancing interoperability

43. Examples in Report CUAHSI: Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. GEON – the Geosciences Network SpecNet – Spectral Network Embedded Networked Sensing NSF CLEANER Initiative – Collaborative Large- scale Engineering Analysis Network for Environmental Research Fixed Ocean Observatories (Neptune) NEON – National Ecological Observatory Network North Temperate Lakes Monitoring Observing the Acoustic Landscape (KBS)

44. Role for APAN in Sensor Networks Some Thoughts for Discussion Forum for discussion –Topics Sensor technology Grid and web services Networking needs Application drivers –Communities Grid working group and current/ future partners ApGrid, PRAGMA, … Natural Resources working group and current/future partners Networking working with partners Catalyst for testing sensor nets –Place where new technologies are tested in a diverse set of environmental conditions

45. Reports Exploring New Spatial and Temporal Scales in Ecology Using Wireless Sensor Networks, September 2003 All Scientist Meeting of the Long Term Ecological Research http://atlantic.evsc.virginia.edu/~jhp7e/wireless/ Environmental Cyberinfrastructure Needs for Distributed Sensor Networks, D. Estrin, W. Michener, G. Bonito, August 2003 NSF Workshop, http://lternet.edu/sensor_report/cyberRforWeb.pdf Scalable Information Networks for the Environment, A.Withey, W.Michener, P.Tooby,October 2001 NSF Workshop, http://www.sdsc.edu/pbi/sine_report_pt1.PDF

46. Centers Center for Embedded Networked Sensing PI: Deborah Estrin, http://www.cens.ucla.edu/ California Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technology, http://www.calit2.net

47. Projects High-Performance Wireless Research and Education Network (HPWREN), PI. Hans-Werner Braun (NSF), http://hpwren.ucsd.edu Real-time Observatories, Applications and Data management Network (ROADNet), PI John Orcutt (NSF) http://roadnet.ucsd.edu/ –“Bringing the information superhighway to the dirt road and the high seas” National Ecological Observatory Network, http://www.nsf.gov/bio/neon/start.htm Infrastructure for Biology at Regional to Continental Scales (IBRCS), A community resource by AIBS, http://ibrcs.aibs.org/core/index.asp