1. Module N° 4 – Hazards

2. Safety Management System Course structure Module 1
SMS course introduction
Module 2
Basic safety concepts
Module 3 Introduction to safety management
Module 4
Hazards
Module 5
Risks
Module 6
SMS regulation
Module 7
Introduction to SMS
Module 8
SMS planning
Module 9
SMS operation
Module 10
Phased approach to SSP and SMS Implementation
Safety
Management
System
Module 5
Risks
Module 3 Introduction to safety management
Module 4
Hazards

3. Objective
At the end of this module, participants will be able to apply the fundamentals of hazard identification and analysis through a case study

4. Outline Two definitions First fundamental – Understanding hazards
Second fundamental – Hazard identification
Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
Questions and answers
Points to remember
Exercise 04/01 – International airport construction project (See Handout N° 3)

5. Two definitions
Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function
Consequence – Potential outcome(s) of the hazard
A wind of 15 knots blowing directly across the runway is a hazard
A pilot may not be able to control the aircraft during takeoff or landing is one of the consequences of the hazard

6. First fundamental – Understanding hazards
There is a natural tendency to describe hazards as their consequence(s)
“Unclear aerodrome signage” vs. “runway incursion”
Stating a hazard as consequence(s) :
disguises the nature of the hazard
interferes with identifying other important consequences.
Well-named hazards :
allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the hazard
allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s)

7. First fundamental – Understanding hazards
Types of hazards
Natural
Technical
Economic

8. Examples of natural hazards
Severe weather or climatic events:
E.g.: hurricanes, major winter storms, drought, tornadoes, thunderstorms lightning, and wind shear
Adverse weather conditions:
E.g.: Icing, freezing precipitation, heavy rain, snow, winds, and restrictions to visibility

9. Examples of natural hazards
Geophysical events:
E.g.: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods and landslides
Geographical conditions:
E.g.: adverse terrain or large bodies of water
Environmental events:
E.g.: wildfires, wildlife activity, and insect or pest infestation.
Public health events:
E.g.: epidemics of influenza or other diseases

10. Examples of technical hazards
Deficiencies regarding:
E.g.: aircraft and aircraft components, systems, subsystems and related equipment
E.g.: an organization’s facilities, tools, and related equipment
E.g.: facilities, systems, sub-systems and related equipment that are external to the organization

11. Examples of economics hazards
Major trends related to:
Growth
Recession
Cost of material or equipment
Etc.

12. Second fundamental – Hazard identification
In order to identify hazards, consider:
Design factors, including equipment and task design
Procedures and operating practices, including documentation and checklists
Communications, including means, terminology and language …

13. Second fundamental – Hazard identification
… consider:
Organizational factors, such as company policies for recruitment, training, remuneration and allocation of resources
Work environment factors, such as ambient noise and vibration, temperature, lighting and protective equipment and clothing
...

14. Second fundamental – Hazard identification
… consider:
Regulatory factors, including the applicability and enforceability of regulations; certification of equipment, personnel and procedures; and the adequacy of oversight
Defences including detection and warning systems, and the extent to which the equipment is resilient against errors and failures
Human performance, including medical conditions and physical limitations

15. Sources of hazard identification
Internal
Flight Data Analysis
Company voluntary reporting system
Audits and surveys
External
Accident reports
State mandatory occurrence system
As a reminder
Predictive
Proactive
Reactive

16. Hazard identification
By whom?
By anybody
By designated personnel
How?
Through formal processes
Depends on the organization
When?
Anytime
Under specific conditions

17. Hazard identification
Specific conditions
Unexplained increase in safety-related events or infractions
Major operational changes are foreseen
Periods of significant organizational change

18. Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
ABC of hazard analysis
State the generic hazard
(Hazard statement)
Airport construction B
Identify specific components of the hazard
Construction equipment
Closed taxiways … C
Naturally leading to specific consequence(s)
Aircraft colliding with construction equipment
Aircraft taking wrong taxiway …

19. Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
Efficient and safe operations or provision of service require a constant balance between production goals...
maintaining regular aerodrome operations during a runway construction project
...and safety goals
maintaining existing margins of safety in aerodrome operations during runway construction project.
Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may not be cost-effective to address even when operations must continue
(Cost-benefit analysis further discussed in Module 5)

20. Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
Appropriate documentation management is important as:
It is a formal procedure to translate operational safety data into hazard-related information
It becomes the “safety library” of an organization

21. Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
Tracking and analysis of hazards is facilitated by standardizing:
Definitions
Understanding
Validation
Reporting
Measurement
Management

22. Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
Method
Identification
Management
Documentation
Information
Reactive method
ASR
MOR
Incident reports
Accident reports
Assess the consequences and prioritize the risks
Assign
responsibilities
“Safety library”
Safety
management
information
Hazards
Trend analysis
Proactive method
ASR
Surveys
Audits
Develop control and mitigation strategies
Implement strategies
Safety bulletins
Report distribution
Seminars and workshops
Predictive method
FDA
Direct observation systems
Inform person(s) responsible for implementing strategies
Re-evaluate strategies
and
processes
Feedback

23. The focus of hazard identification
Hazard identification is a wasted effort if restricted to the aftermath of rare occurrences where there is serious injury, or significant damage.
1 – 5
Accidents
30 – 100
Serious incidents
100 – 1000
Incidents
1000 – 4000
Latent conditions
“Practical drift”
Technology
Training
Regulations
“Practical drift”
SMS

24. Hazards
Questions and answers

25. Questions and answers Q: Define the concept of hazard. A:
Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function.
Slide number: 5

26. Questions and answers
Q: Provide three examples of areas/factors to consider when identifying hazards. A:
Design factors, including equipment and task design.
Procedures and operating practices, including documentation and checklists.
Communications, including means, terminology and language.
Slide number: 12

27. Questions and answers
Q: Name three specific circumstances when hazard identification is essential. A:
Unexplained increase in safety-related events or infractions.
Major operational changes are foreseen.
Periods of significant organizational change
Slide number: 17

28. Points to remember Hazards have potential consequences
Sources of hazard identification
ABC of hazard analysis
Hazard documentation: the “safety library” of an organization

29. Hazards
Exercise 04/01 – International airport construction project (Handout N° 3)

30. International airport construction project
Group activity:
A facilitator will be appointed, who will coordinate the discussion
A summary of the discussion will be written on flip charts, and a member of the group will brief on their findings in a plenary session
Scenario:
Construction project to enlarge and repave one of the two crossing runways at an international airport (150,000 movements a year)

31. Aerodrome layout

32. Construction project – Phase 1

33. Scope of the work
Phase 1
Increase the width of runway from 45 to 60 meters from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway to the south and strengthen the runway (from asphalt to concrete) to increase its Pavement Classification Number (PCN)
Estimated time to complete the work
Seven (7) months

34. Construction project – Phase 2

35. Scope of the work
Phase 2
Increase the width of runway from 45 to 60 meters from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway to the north and strengthen the runway (from asphalt to concrete) to increase its PCN
Estimated time to complete the work
Seven (7) months

36. Construction project – Phase 3

37. Scope of the work
Phase 3
Complete the construction work of runway for the central area of the last 400 m at the intersection of runway and runway (from asphalt to concrete), increasing its width from 45 to 60 meters and its PCN
Estimated time to complete the work
Four(4) months

38. Scope of the work
Runway utilization during the construction work
Continuous utilization of runway during the three- phase of runway construction project. [To maintain regular aerodrome operations (production) and existing margins of safety (protection) in the operations during the runway construction project]
Length of runway is currently m and during Phase 3 its length will be reduced, leaving a distance of m for aircraft operations measured between threshold 10 and the intersection of runway with taxiway Golf

39. Identify hazards Your task
Identify the hazards using brainstorming techniques.
Brainstorm a list of possible hazards, their components and their related consequences (use a flip chart)
Complete the attached log (Table 04/01) as follows:
List type of operation or activity
State the generic hazard (hazard statement)
Identify specific components of the hazard
List hazard-related consequences
It is recommended to conduct the hazard identification and analysis per each construction phase of runway 17-35

40. Table 04/01 – Hazard identification
Type of operation
or activity
Generic hazard
(hazard statement)
Specific components of the hazard N° 1 2 3 4 5
Hazard-related consequences

41. Module N° 4 – Hazards