1. Foundations of College Chemistry, 14 th Ed. Morris Hein and Susan Arena Accurate measurement and dosage calculations are critical in dispensing medicine to patients all over the world. Calculations from Chemical Equations Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. 9.1 Introduction to Stoichiometry 9.2 Mole-Mole Calculations 9.3 Mole-Mass Calculations 9.4 Mass-Mass Calculations 9.5 Limiting Reactant and Yield Calculations Chapter Outline © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Molar Mass (MM): sum of the atomic mass of the atoms in an element, compound, or formula unit. Mole: Avogadro’s number (6.022 x 10 23 ) of units (atoms, molecules, ions etc.) grams of a substance moles of the substance Useful Conversion Factors Molar mass = number of units of substance 6.022 x 10 23 units of substance MM allows conversion between g and mol of a substance. Moles of a substance = Mole/Molar Mass Review © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Equations must always be balanced before calculation of any mass, moles, or volume of a reactant or product! Stoichiometry: area of chemistry that deals with quantitative relationships between products and reactants in chemical equations. a A + b B c C + d D Example Using X.X g of A, how much C will be formed? Solving stoichiometry problems always requires the use of: 1. A balanced chemical equation (coefficients must be known!) 2. Conversion factors in units of moles (i.e. mole ratios) Introduction to Stoichiometry © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Mole ratio: ratio (conversion factor) between any two species in a chemical reaction. 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2 H 2 O (l) Example The coefficients of a balanced chemical equation are used to generate mole ratios. 6 possible mole ratios exist: 2 mol H 2 1 mol O 2 2 mol H 2 2 mol H 2 O 1 mol O 2 2 mol H 2 2 mol H 2 O 2 mol H 2 1 mol O 2 2 mol H 2 O 1 mol O 2 Mole Ratios © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. The mole ratio can be used as a conversion factor to convert between moles of one substance and another. Example If 4.0 mol of oxygen are present, how many moles of H 2 O could be formed? = 8.0 mol H 2 O 4.0 mol O 2 × 2 mol H 2 O 1 mol O 2 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2 H 2 O (l) Mole Ratios © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Given the following balanced chemical equation, write the mole ratio need to calculate: a. The moles of H 2 O produced from 3 moles of CO 2 b. The moles of H 2 needed to produce 3 moles of H 2 O. CO 2 (g) + 4 H 2 (g) CH 4 (g) + 2 H 2 O (l) = 6.0 mol H 2 O 3.0 mol CO 2 × 2 mol H 2 O 1 mol CO 2 a. Mole ratio Desired quantity in the numerator of the mole ratio: known quantity in the denominator Mole Ratios Practice © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. 3.0 mol H 2 O × 4 mol H 2 2 mol H 2 O Mole ratio = 6.0 mol H 2 Given the following balanced chemical equation, write the mole ratio need to calculate: a. The moles of H 2 O produced from 3 moles of CO 2 b. The moles of H 2 needed to produce 3 moles of H 2 O. CO 2 (g) + 4 H 2 (g) CH 4 (g) + 2 H 2 O (l) b. Desired quantity in the numerator of the mole ratio: known quantity in the denominator Mole Ratios Practice © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Given the following balanced chemical equation, what is the mole ratio needed to calculate the following: the moles of KCl produced when 4.5 moles of O 2 are formed? 2 KClO 3 (s) 2 KCl (s) + 3 O 2 (g) 2 mol KCl 3 mol O 2 = 3.0 mol KCl 4.5 mol O 2 × 2 mol KCl 3 mol O 2 Mole ratio 3 mol KCl 2 mol O 2 3 mol O 2 2 mol KCl 2 mol O 2 3 mol KCl Calculate Mole Ratios Practice © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. 1. Make sure the equation is balanced! 2. If needed, convert the quantity of known substance to moles. 3. Convert the moles of known substance to desired substance using a mole ratio. 1 mol substance molar mass substance Moles = (grams) x Mole ratio = moles of desired substance moles of known substance Moles desired substance = Moles of known substance x Mole ratio From Step 2 Problem Solving for Stoichiometry Problems © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. 4. Convert moles of desired substance to the desired units from the problem. Molar mass (in g) 1 mole grams = (moles) x If answer is in moles, you are finished. If answer is in grams, multiply by the compound’s molar mass. 6.022 x 10 23 molecules 1 mole Atoms/molecules = (moles) x If answer is in atoms/molecules, multiply by Avogadro’s number. Problem Solving for Stoichiometry Problems © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Flow Chart for Stoichiometry Problems Grams of Known Atoms/Molecules of Known Moles of Known Moles of Desired Step 2 Step 3 Using the Mole Ratio Atoms/Molecules of Desired Grams of Desired Step 2 Step 4 Problem Solving for Stoichiometry Problems © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Known substance is given in moles; desired substance is requested in moles. How many moles of CO 2 will be produced by reaction of 2.0 mol of glucose, given the following balanced equation? Calculate = 12 mol CO 2 2.0 mol C 6 H 12 O 6 × Solution Map mol C 6 H 12 O 6 mol CO 2 The mole ratio needed relates mol C 6 H 12 O 6 to mol CO 2. 6 mol CO 2 1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O 6 mol CO 2 1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6 Mole-Mole Calculations © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. a. 8.3 x 10 -27 molecules b. 3.3 x 10 -26 molecules c. 3.0 x 10 21 molecules d. 1.2 x 10 22 molecules How many H 2 O molecules are produced when 0.010 mol O 2 react, given the following balanced equation? Calculate = 1.2 x 10 22 molecules 0.010 mol O 2 × Solution Map mol O 2 mol H 2 O molecules H 2 O Mole ratio: 2 H 2 + O 2 2 H 2 O 2 mol H 2 O 1 mol O 2 2 mol H 2 O 1 mol O 2 × 6.022 x 10 23 molecules H 2 O 1 mole H 2 O Mole-Mole Calculations Practice © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. a. 0.38 moles b. 0.67 moles c. 1.0 moles d. 0.25 moles How many moles of Al are produced when 0.5 mol of O 2 react, given the following balanced equation? Calculate = 0.67 mol Al 0.5 mol O 2 × Solution Map mol O 2 mol Al Mole ratio: 4 Al + 3 O 2 2 Al 2 O 3 4 mol Al 3 mol O 2 4 mol Al 3 mol O 2 Mole-Mole Calculations Practice © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. What mass of H 2 can be produced when 6.0 mol of Al reacts with HCl? = 18 g H 2 Solution Map mol Al mol H 2 g H 2 The mole ratio and molar mass of H 2 are needed: 3 mol H 2 2 mol Al 2 Al + 6 HCl 2 AlCl 3 + 3 H 2 6.0 mol Al 3 mol H 2 2 mol Al × 2.016 g H 2 1 mol H 2 2.016 g H 2 1 mol H 2 Calculate × Mole-Mass Calculations © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. How many moles of water are produced when 325 g of octane (C 8 H 18 ) are burned? = 25.6 mol H 2 O Solution Map g C 8 H 18 mol C 8 H 18 moles H 2 O The mole ratio and molar mass of C 8 H 18 are needed: 18 mol H 2 O 2 mol C 8 H 18 2 C 8 H 18 + 25 O 2 16 CO 2 + 18 H 2 O 325. g C 8 H 18 × 114.2 g C 8 H 18 Calculate 1 mol C 8 H 18 114.2 g C 8 H 18 1 mol C 8 H 18 18 mol H 2 O 2 mol C 8 H 18 × Mole-Mass Calculations Practice © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

18. 2 mol AgNO 3 1 mol Ag 2 S 1 mol AgNO 3 How many grams of AgNO 3 are needed to produce 0.25 mol of Ag 2 S? = 85.0 g AgNO 3 Solution Map mol Ag 2 S mol AgNO 3 g AgNO 3 The mole ratio and molar mass of AgNO 3 are needed: 2 mol AgNO 3 1 mol Ag 2 S 2 AgNO 3 + H 2 S Ag 2 S + 2 HNO 3 0.25 mol Ag 2 S × 169.9 g AgNO 3 Calculate 1 mol AgNO 3 a. 42.5 g b. 57.1 g c. 2.19 x 10 -3 g d. 85.0 g × 169.9 g AgNO 3 Mole-Mass Calculations Practice © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

19. How many grams of HNO 3 are required to produce 8.75 g of N 2 O from the following reaction? = 125. g HNO 3 Solution Map g N 2 O mol N 2 O mol HNO 3 g HNO 3 The mole ratio and molar masses of N 2 O and HNO 3 are needed: 10 mol HNO 3 1 mol N 2 O 4 Zn + 10 HNO 3 4 Zn(NO 3 ) 2 + N 2 O + 5 H 2 O 8.75 g N 2 O × 44.02 g N 2 O Calculate 1 mol N 2 O 1 mol HNO 3 63.02 g HNO 3 44.02 g N 2 O 1 mol N 2 O10 mol HNO 3 1 mol N 2 O × 1 mol HNO 3 63.02 g HNO 3 × Mass-Mass Calculations © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. a. 204 g b. 249 g c. 22.6 g d. 27.6 g How many grams of CrCl 3 are required to produce 75.0 g of AgCl using the following reaction? = 27.6 g CrCl 3 Solution Map g AgCl mol AgCl mol CrCl 3 g CrCl 3 Mole ratio/molar masses needed: 1 mol CrCl 3 3 mol AgCl CrCl 3 + 3 AgNO 3 Cr(NO 3 ) 3 + 3 AgCl 75.0 g AgCl × 143.3 g AgCl Calculate 1 mol AgCl 1 mol CrCl 3 158.4 g CrCl 3 × 143.3 g AgCl 1 mol AgCl 1 mol CrCl 3 3 mol AgCl 1 mol CrCl 3 158.4 g CrCl 3 × Mass-Mass Calculations Practice © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

21. Define stoichiometry and describe the strategy required to solve problems based on chemical equations. 9.1 Introduction to Stoichiometry Solve problems where the reactants and products are both in moles. 9.2 Mole-Mole Calculations Solve problems where known mass is given and the answer is to be determined in moles or the moles of known are given and mass is determined. 9.3 Mole-Mass Calculations Learning Objectives © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Solve problems where mass is given and the desired unit to be determined is mass. 9.4 Mass-Mass Calculations