1. Powerpoint Templates Page 1 Powerpoint Templates ERT 453 DESIGN OF MACHINE SYSTEMS IN BIOSYSTEMS LECTURE 10 CROP PLANTING (Continue..) Miss Munira Mohamed Nazari School of Bioprocess Engineering UniMAP

2. Powerpoint Templates Page 2 SEED DRILL

3. Powerpoint Templates Page 3 Seed drill is a machine for placing the seeds in a continuous flow in furrows at uniform rate and at controlled depth with or without the arrangement of covering the seed with soil. Drills are used for sowing seeds in rows at 15-35 cm apart. The seed drill performs the following functions: –(i) to carry the seeds, –(ii) to open furrow to an uniform depth, –(iii) to meter the seeds, –(iv) to place the seed in furrows in an acceptable pattern, –(v) to cover the seeds and compact the soil around the seed.

4. Powerpoint Templates Page 4 Seed drills, fitted with fertilizer dropping attachment, distribute the fertilizer uniformly on the ground, is called seed cum fertilizer drills. It has a large seed box which is divided length wise into two compartments, one for seeds and another for fertilizers..

5. Powerpoint Templates Page 5 Components of Seed Drill A seed drill with mechanical seed metering device mainly consists of: –frame, –seed box, –seed metering mechanism, –furrow openers, –covering device, and –transport wheels.

6. Powerpoint Templates Page 6 Frame Made angle iron with suitable braces and brackets. Strong enough to withstand all types of loads in working condition Seed Box Made of mild steel sheet or galvanized iron with a suitable cover. A small agitator is sometimes provided to prevent clogging of seeds Covering Device It is a device to refill a furrow after the seed has been placed in it. Covering the seeds are usually done by patta, chains, drags, packers, rollers and press wheels, designed in various sizes and shapes. Transport Wheels There are two wheels fitted on the main axle. Some seed drills have got pneumatic wheels also. The wheels have suitable attachments to transmit power to operate seed dropping mechanism.

7. Powerpoint Templates Page 7 Seed Metering Mechanism The mechanism of a seed drill or fertilizer distributor which deliver seeds or fertilizers from the hopper at selected rates is called seed metering mechanism. Seed metering mechanism may be of several types: –fluted feed type, –internal double run type, –cup feed type, –cell feed mechanism, –brush feed mechanism, –auger feed mechanism, –picker wheel mechanism, and –star wheel mechanism.

8. Powerpoint Templates Page 8 Most common type of metering devices that delivers a more or less continuous flow of seeds is fluted roller type or internal double run type. These metering devices are driven by ground wheel. Some of above metering devices have not been commercially accepted and popularized.

9. Powerpoint Templates Page 9 Fluted Feed Type Seed Metering Mechanism The fluted wheel (also known as fluted roller) is driven by a square shaft. Fluted rollers are provided with longitudinal grooves along the outer periphery and can be shifted on the shaft sideways.

10. Powerpoint Templates Page 10 The size of groove is different for different crops. The fluted rollers are mounted at the bottom of the seed box; receive the seeds into longitudinal grooves and pass on to the seed tube through the seed hole. By shifting the rollers sideways, the length of the groove exposed to the seed, can be increased or decreased and hence the amount of seed sown is changed.

11. Powerpoint Templates Page 11 The number of rollers on a drill is the same as the number of furrow openers. There is also an adjustable gate on the discharge side of the fluted wheel. The gate opening can be changed to fit the size of the seed. Generally, the speed of the square shaft is constant, but on some drills, the speed of the shaft can also be changed, resulting in a change in the seed rate. The number of flutes on the roller ranges from 8 to 12. This method is favoured for sowing small or medium size seeds. For bold size seeds, this mechanism is not preferred as the seeds are likely to get crushed during metering operation.

12. Powerpoint Templates Page 12 AdvantagesSimpleLow cost Trouble free device Suitable for bulk metering even for granulated fertilizers.

13. Powerpoint Templates Page 13 An improved design of the fluted roller has spiral shaped flutes. –This design offers a uniform distribution of seeds as compared to straight shaped flutes. However, most of the low cost drawn ferti- drills are fitted with straight shaped rollers. –It is mostly used for drilling wheat. The fluted feed mechanism is more positive in its metering action than the Internal double run method.

14. Powerpoint Templates Page 14 Internal Double Run Type Seed Metering Mechanism It has a double faced wheel; one face has a larger opening for the larger seeds and the other face or side has a smaller opening for use with smaller seeds.

15. Powerpoint Templates Page 15 A gate is provided in the bottom of the box to cover the opening not in use. When one of the sides is being used, the seed is prevented from flowing through the other side by using a special cover. The discs mounted on a spindle and housing in a casing fitted below the seed box. The rate of seeding is varied by adjusting the speed of the spindle which carries the discs. This mechanism is used for metering bold and small seeds.

16. Powerpoint Templates Page 16 Cup Feed Seed Metering Mechanism It is a mechanism consisting of cups of spoons on the periphery of a vertical rotating disc which picks up the seeds from the hopper and delivers them into the seed tubes. It consists of a seed hopper which has two parts. The upper one is called Grain box and the lower one is called Feed box. Shuttles are provided to connect these boxes.

17. Powerpoint Templates Page 17 The seed delivery mechanism consists of a spindle, carrying a number of discs with a ring of cups attached to the periphery of each disc. The spindle with its frame and attachment is called Feed barrel. When the spindle rotates, one disc with its set of cups rotates and picks up few seeds and drops them into small hoppers. The cups have two faces, one for larger seeds and other for smaller seeds. The seed rate is controlled by the size of the cups and the rate at which the seed barrel revolves. This type of mechanism is common on British seed drills.

18. Powerpoint Templates Page 18 Cell Feed Seed Metering Mechanism It is a mechanism in which seeds are collected and delivered by a series of equally spaced cells on the periphery of a circular plate or wheel.

19. Powerpoint Templates Page 19 Auger Feed Seed Metering Mechanism It is a distributing mechanism, consisting of an auger which causes a substance to flow evenly in the field, through an aperture at the base or on the side of the hopper. Many of the fertilizer drills of the country have got Auger feed mechanism.

20. Powerpoint Templates Page 20 Picker Wheel Seed Metering Mechanism It is a mechanism in which a vertical plate is provided with radially projected arms, which drop the large seeds like potato in furrows with the help of suitable jaws.

21. Powerpoint Templates Page 21 Star Wheel Seed Metering Mechanism It is a feed mechanism which consists of a toothed wheel, rotating in a horizontal plane and conveying the fertilizer through a feed gate below the star wheel.

22. Powerpoint Templates Page 22 Coulters And Seed Furrow Openers  The primary differences between conventional planter/drill systems and those designed for conservation tillage systems are the down pressure and weight.  Since the no-till openers and soil engaging devices deliver more down pressure to penetrate much firmer soils and cut the residue, the conservation planter/drill systems are built heavier and have the ability to carry much more weight than conventional tillage systems.  Because coulters are usually mounted several feet in front of the seed opening/ placement device, many use wide-fluted coulters.

23. Powerpoint Templates Page 23 –Coulters are added in front of the planter openers to ensure residue cutting. Common Coulter Styles Various Types Of Press Wheels Figure 1: Top row shows common coulter styles and the bottom shows various types of press wheels.

24. Powerpoint Templates Page 24 TypeDescription A1-inch wide wheel that presses directly on the seed in the bottom of the seed furrow. B2-inch wide wheel that presses on the seed and gauges planting depth by riding on the sides of the seed furrow. CWide press wheel that gauges planting depth but does not press directly on the seed. DWide press wheel with two ribs that applies pressure on the side of the seed furrow to press soil on the seed while gauging the depth. EWide press wheel with one center rib that applies pressure on the seed furrow to press while gauging the depth FPair of angled press wheels that close the seed furrow and establish seed-to-soil contact. GNarrow steel press wheel that applies pressure directly on the seed but does not flex to ‘shed’ soil in sticky conditions. Table 2 : The description of the various types of press wheel.

25. Powerpoint Templates Page 25  Wide-fluted coulters  Wide-fluted coulters perform the most tillage and open a wide slot in the residue. This wide slot allows the soil to warm-up faster (more drying) and may prepare an area for improved soil-to-seed contact. However, because of the increased cutting surface, fluted coulters require more weight for penetration. Narrow-fluted coultersNarrow-fluted coulters or narrow bubble coulters, ripple coulters, and turbo-rippled coulters do not require as much weight for penetration and do not throw as much soil out of the seed furrow as the wide-fluted coulters. Ripple coulters with a smooth edge or smooth coulters are preferred for residue cutting. Remark: Wide-fluted (2 to 3 inches wide), Narrow-wide (0.5 to 1.0 inch wide)

26. Powerpoint Templates Page 26 Diagram of typical seeding mechanisms. Single-disk opener Single-disk opener with add-on coulter unit

27. Powerpoint Templates Page 27 27 Offset double-disk openers with fertilizer opener mounted midway between seed openers Gauge wheel mounted beside the seed-opener disk to maintain depth control

28. Powerpoint Templates Page 28 Press wheel mounted on the furrow-opener frame member to maintain depth control.

29. Powerpoint Templates Page 29 Most no-till planters/drills are equipped with independent seeding units that should allow at least 6 inches of vertical movement. This will allow the unit to operate over rough transit, over non-uniform surfaces, and adjust for root stubs and other obstacles. These units are sometimes staggered to provide more side-to-side space for residue flow, which helps with unit function. These units should be equipped with heavy down- pressure springs and sufficient weight to ensure penetration of both the coulters and seed furrow openers into untilled soil. Usually these springs are adjustable and multiple springs can be added if insufficient pressure is achieved. 29

30. Powerpoint Templates Page 30 Some no-till planters/drills are not equipped with coulters (A and D). These planters/drills use the seed furrow openers to cut and place the seed. Several planter/drill systems have a staggered double- disk seed furrow opener without a coulter (C and E). The leading disk (usually 0.5 to 1.0 inch in front) cuts the residue and the second aids in opening the seed furrow. Some manufacturers use a single, large disk set at a slight angle. These units require less weight for penetration and provide minimal soil disturbance. 30

31. Powerpoint Templates Page 31 Calibration of Seed Drill & Seed- Cum-Fertilizer Drill The procedure of testing the seed drill for correct seed rate is called calibration of seed drill. –It is necessary to calibrate the seed drill before operating in the field to get a predetermined seed rate of the machine. The following steps are to be followed for calibration of seed drill or seed-cum fertilizer drill. Step 1: Determine the nominal width (W) of drill. –Where M is the number of furrow openers and S is the spacing between the openers in metre and W is in metre. W = M x S

32. Powerpoint Templates Page 32 Step 2: Find the length of a strip (L) having nominal width W necessary to cover 1/25 th of a hectare. Step 3: Determine the number of revolutions (N) the ground wheel has to make to cover the length of the strip (L). Step 4: Raise the seed drill in such a way that the ground wheels turn freely. Make a mark on the drive wheel and a corresponding mark at a convenient place on the body of the drill to help in counting the revolutions of the drive wheel.

33. Powerpoint Templates Page 33 Step 5: Put selected seed and fertilizer in the respective hoppers. Place a sack or a container under each boot for seed and fertilizers. Step 6: Set the rate control adjustment for the seed and the fertilizer for maximum drilling. Mark this position on the control for reference. Step 7: Engage the clutch or on-off adjustment for the hoppers and rotate the drive wheel at the speed N. 33

34. Powerpoint Templates Page 34 Step 8: Weigh the quantity of seed and fertilizer, dropped from each opener and record on the data sheet. Step 9: Calculate the seed and fertilizer, dropped in kg/ha and record on the data sheet. Step 10: Repeat the process by suitable adjusting the rate control till desired rate of seed and fertilizer drop is obtained.

35. Powerpoint Templates Page 35 Problem 1 The following results were obtained while calibrating a seed drill. Calculate the seed rate per hectare. –No. of furrow openers – 8 –Spacing between furrows – 15 cm –Diameter of drive wheel – 1.5 m –RPM of the drive wheel – 600 –Seed collected – 25 kg.

36. Powerpoint Templates Page 36 Solution: –Effective width of seed drill = 8 ×15 = 120 cm = 1.2 m –Circumference of drive wheel = π x 1.5 m –Area covered in one revolution = π x 1.5 x 1.2 =5.66 m² –Area covered in 600 revolutions = 5.66 ×600 = 3396 m² –Seed dropped for 3396 m² = 25 kg –Seed dropped/ha = (25 x 10 000) / 3396 = 73.6 kg –Seed rate = 73.6 kg

37. Powerpoint Templates Page 37 Problem 2 A fluted feed seed drill has eight furrow openers of single disc type. The furrow openers are spaced 30 cm apart and the main drive wheel has a diameter of 110 cm. How many turns of main drive wheel would occur when the seed drill has covered one hectare of area.

38. Powerpoint Templates Page 38 Solution: –Circumference of drive wheel = π x 110 = 345.7 cm –Total width of seed drill = 8 x 30 = 240 cm –Area covered per revolution = 345.7 x 240 = 82968 cm² = 8.29 m² –No. of turns/ha = 10 000 / 8.29 = 1206.3

39. Powerpoint Templates Page 39 Problem 3 Maximum yield of maize is obtained with a population of 30,000 plants per hectare. The rows are 140 cm apart and an average emergence of 80% is expected. Find: –(a) How many seeds per hill should be planted if hills are 140 cm apart? –(b) What would be seed spacing if crop is drilled?

40. Powerpoint Templates Page 40 Solution: –Number of seeds per ha = 30 000 / 0.80 = 37 500 –Area covered per hill = 140 x 140 = 19 600 cm² = 1.96 m² –No. of hills/ha = 10 000 / 1.96 = 5102 a)No. of seed per hill = 37 500 / 5102 = 7.35 (rounded to 8) a)Total length of row = 10 000 / 1.4 = 7142.85 m Spacing of drilled seed = 7142.85 / 37 500 = 0.19 m = 19 cm

41. Powerpoint Templates Page 41 PLANTER

42. Powerpoint Templates Page 42 Planters are used for vegetative reproduction of crops. Either parts of plants or whole small plants are put into the soil. Potato tubers can be regarded as parts of plants. On the other hand, with paddy rice, cabbage, and trees it is customary to put into the soil whole small plants, which grew up under a transparent cover in garden beds or in greenhouses. The term transplanting seems appropriate for this method of establishing a crop.

43. Powerpoint Templates Page 43 Potato Planter Potatoes grown in continental Europe and in the United States differ in sizes. –On the average, the continental European potato weighs only about 35% of the American potato. This influences the planting methods despite the fact that, generally, for planting smaller fractions are used than for human or industrial consumption. Whereas in continental Europe whole small tubers are planted, in the United States often the seed potatoes are cut in order to use the large tubers more effectively.

44. Powerpoint Templates Page 44 The standard continental European potato planter singles the tubers by vertical belts with cups, which move upwards through the supply.

45. Powerpoint Templates Page 45 Skips and multiples can occur. The larger the potatoes in comparison to the cups and the higher the belt speed, the higher the share of skips and the lower the share of multiples is. Therefore it is possible to use the machines in such a way that either skips or multiples dominate. In the past, the machines were operated with skips and, for practical purposes, without multiples. The cups with skips were sensed and provided with a tuber from a compensating magazine. The present-day method is opposite the planters are operated in such a way that mainly multiples instead of skips are attained. These multiples are removed by shaking the belt.

46. Powerpoint Templates Page 46 The shape of the American cut tubers makes the singling by cups rather difficult. On the other hand, these tuber pieces with flat surfaces can effectively be picked up by sharp pins that pierce the tubers. –For this purpose a picker wheel with arms at the periphery moves though the tuber supply. The split arms are cam-operated in such a way that the sharp pins pierce into the supply, pick up a piece of potato, and retract at the delivery point.

47. Powerpoint Templates Page 47 The tuber distances within the row with the American as well as with the European method are adjusted by the relation between the pickup speed and travel speed. The tuber distance within the row varies from 25–35 cm, and the row-width from 75–100 cm. The row width must be adapted to interrow cultivating and harvesting methods. Most American and European planters use two pickup units per row. This makes it possible to attain a high travel speed with a low speed of the pickup unit.

48. Powerpoint Templates Page 48 Apart form this, the American method generally allows higher travel speeds without sacrificing accuracy than the European system. –However, the American method may promote the transfer of virus and bacterial infections between tubers. In most parts of the world potatoes are grown in ridges, which facilitate the separation from the soil when harvesting. Exceptions apply to some dry regions, where a flat surface is left in order to reduce evaporation.

49. Powerpoint Templates Page 49 Transplanters When the natural growing season is short, transplanting of crops results in higher yields. The seedling development occurs under artificial climate before the outside growing season starts. In some parts of the world, transplanting is used to make possible double-cropping. However, crop establishment by transplanting is much more expensive than by sowing.

50. Powerpoint Templates Page 50 Semiautomatic transplanting machines have mechanical transfer devices that are hand fed, yet mechanically place the plants in the furrow. These machines are more and more replaced by fully mechanized transplanters. The seedlings with or without retaining soil on the roots are put in a tray. Sometimes the seedlings are grown individually in hexagonal paper pots, which provide for a uniform geometry. The paper pots can be attached to folded strands and are put in trays. The paper is biodegradable.

51. Powerpoint Templates Page 51 Figure below shows an automatic transplanting system. A wheel rotating behind the seedlings on a sloped platform is equipped with cam-operated planting fingers. These fingers grasp a seedling and move it into the furrow, where it is released.

52. Powerpoint Templates Page 52 Transplanting machines are used extensively for paddy rice in Asia. Special floating devices are used to provide for a constant planting depth independent of the sinkage of the propelling wheels. The row width is often about 30 cm. The plant distance within the row can be adjusted by the relation between the planting frequency and the travel speed and often varies between 10 cm and 20 cm.