1. Materials Transport & NSCD Material Classes Velocity to Transport Relationships York NSCD Restoration PSY CCREP

2. Material Transport Organic Matter: DOM (70-90%), FPOM, CPOM, large woody debris (branches to whole trees). Inorganic Matter (Mineral): alluvium & bedload Higher discharge streams can carry more and larger particles. –Suspended load: fine suspended particles (turbidity). –Bed load: Larger particles that bounce along bottom of stream. –The relative amount of suspended vs. bed loads is dependent on velocity and turbulence of stream flow.

4. After rain, higher turbidity is not just a function of sediment run off; higher flow velocity suspends more sediments from bottom. Total concentration of suspended particles highest near bottom.

5. Velocity & Material Transport Size

6. Deposition vs Erosion

7. Sediment Impacts & Contamination Excess Sedimentation: –Reduces hard substrate for periphyton. –Clogs gravel interstices; reduces spawning habitat for fish. –Microbial activity increase may cause oxygen depletion. –Filling and flooding. –Increases drinking water treatment costs; reduces aesthetics. Many chemicals, contaminants will collect within and adhere to sediments. Variable transport of contaminated sediments can have severe impact on biota: –Sediments collect in pools –Contaminated sediments can be retained for long periods of time. Erosion is more aggressive due to unstable stream banks, flashy storm response, or sediment starved waters (e.g. below dams)

8. Rates of Stream-Bank Erosion Aquatic Resource Restoration Company (ARRC), unpublished data June 2003 March 2004 October 2004 About 2-20 ft of bank lost per year. This is 10-100 times faster than expected. How can we stabilize our stream channels?

9. Continuous monitoring instrumentation (below) is placed in the stream for a month at a time Data collected during a storm event (above) illustrates that this is when most erosion occurs.

10. NSCD Natural Stream Channel Design Based on science of water flow = hydrology New channels may be created with meanders. Man-made structure of rock or logs to divert flow and slow erosion. Considers watershed size, climate, topography and geology to determine the proper dimensions, pattern and profile for no net erosion or accretion.

11. “J”-hook structures along meanders. Natural Stream Channel Design (NSCD)

12. Replacing the streamside (riparian) forest.

13. odorus C reek R estoration E fficacy P rogram Studying the Effectiveness of NSCD Restoration Efforts - Does water quality during storm events improve? - Is there a positive biological community response? (periphyton, macroinvertebrates, finfish)

14. South and East Branch Watersheds Downstream Continuous Monitoring Sites Upstream Reference Sites Completed Restoration Planned Restoration

15. Water Quality & Flow We measure nutrients and suspended sediments in water samples during all conditions and all year! We also measure the stream flow to determine how much nutrient and sediments travels downstream.

16. Storm Event Volume to Sediment Load (3/2003 – 3/2004) ?

17. Periphyton = “rock slime” Indicator of nutrient and sediment pollution.

18. We also monitor the macroinvertebrate community, which mostly includes stream insects.

19. Fish surveys by electrofishing Peter Siwik

20. PA Council of Trout Unlimited, 2002 Wild spawning trout would be a hallmark of restoration success, but it will likely require fisheries management changes such “catch and release”.

21. Below Sewage Treatment Plants! Parasites Infections Deformations