1. Intervention for Chronic and Emergency Exposure Situations Module IX.3 Basic Concepts for Emergency preparedness and Response for a nuclear accident or radiological emergency Concepts and objectives of Emergency Preparedness and Response Lecture IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources

2. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts2 Introduction l Despite precautions that are taken during s Design s Operations of nuclear facilities s Conduct of nuclear activities the possibility remains that s Failure s Intentional act or s Mishap leads to emergency! l Objectives of the lecture: n Goals of emergency preparedness n Response in case of a nuclear or radiological emergency

3. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts3 Content l Goals of emergency preparedness and response l Detailed explanation of each individual goal n Lessons learned associated with each goal l Summary

4. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts4 Goals of Emergency Response l Safety Fundamentals publication in regard to radiation sources n Protection objective: sPrevent occurrence of deterministic effects (Keep doses below relevant threshold) sEnsure all reasonable steps taken to reduce occurrence of stochastic effects n Safety objective: sProtect individuals, society and environment (establish and maintain effective defences against radiological hazards)

5. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts5 Goals of Emergency Response (1) l Safety Fundamentals regarding nuclear installations n Radiation protection objective: sEnsure …. mitigation of the radiation consequences of any emergency Technical safety objective Technical safety objective : Take all reasonably practical measures to prevent emergencies in nuclear installations and mitigate their consequences should they occur …

6. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts6 Practical Goals of Emergency Response l Preparedness and Response Safety Requirements from GS-R-2 states n Regain control of the situation n Take mitigatory action at the scene n Prevent deterministic effects n Render first aid and treat radiation injuries n Reasonably reduce stochastic effects n Reasonably limit non-radiological effects n Reasonably protect the environment n Reasonably prepare for the resumption of normal activity

7. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts7 Regain Control of the Situation l Responsibility of the operator (people at the scene) l Immediate action to prevent or reduce the release of radioactive material l Prevent / limit exposures of workers and the public to radiation l Regaining prompt control of the situation requires n Immediate action by operator n Direct immediate mitigatory actions

8. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts8 Take Mitigatory Action at the Scene l Responsibility of the operator (people at the scene) l Immediate actions n Prevent / reduce releases l Prevent exposures to radiation and other hazards associated with emergency n Earthquake n Hurricane n Flood n Fire damage

9. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts9 Take Mitigatory Action at the Scene (1) l Experience shows facilities must have predefined emergency procedures in order to n Recognize emergency conditions n Direct immediate mitigatory actions n Address serious but very unlikely emergencies n Consider all aspects of mitigatory actions and conditions present during an emergency n Have required immediate actions performed by operator

10. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts10 Lessons Learned l During several emergencies staff could not mitigate the problem for following reasons n Did not know what actions to take to solve problem n Over confident or unsure n Did not have the necessary equipment required n Did not have the necessary protection required n Off-site support was not obtained promptly n Off-site support was not prepared

11. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts11 Prevent Deterministic Health Effects l Take urgent protective actions to keep the dose below the deterministic effects threshold n Best accomplished by taking actions before release or exposure when severe conditions detected in facility l Immediate response required by operator

12. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts12 Lessons Learned (1) l Experience shows workers who responded to emergencies were at greatest risk because: n Did not know what to do n Were not provided with appropriate equipment (monitoring devices, dosimeters, protective clothing) n All possible people/conditions were not considered sIn plant operators sOff-site responders sPeople in near-by areas

13. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts13 Render First Aid and Treat Radiation Injuries Render First Aid and Treat Radiation Injuries l Immediate response needed l First to arrive immediately provides emergency aid to treat life threatening injuries l Specialized treatment of contamination and radiation injuries n Triage injured patients n Decontaminate n Obtain specialist assistance l Experience shows n Fear of radiation may interfere with initial treatment n Severe radiation injuries require specialized treatment

14. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts14 Lessons Learned (2) l Poor medical treatment of overexposure n Facility and local medical staff did not gather information to determine appropriate treatment n Local medical staff treated overexposure without consulting experts n Medical personnel may not be willing to treat – if not trained n Result - much unnecessary suffering

15. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts15 Reasonably Reduce Stochastic Effects l Take actions to projected dose consistent with international guidance l Develop OILs for use during an emergency l Taking actions at much lower levels does more harm (psychological & economic) than good (reduction in cancer risk) l Experience shows you can not develop reasonable criteria during an emergency n Criteria must be developed in advance as part of preparedness

16. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts16 Reasonably Limit Non-radiological Effects l Includes unwarranted n Relocation (loss of income and home) n Abortions n Restriction on sale of local goods l Caused by n Developing criteria at time of emergency n Poor communication with the media and the public n Unrealistic fears of radiation due to conflicting and non-informative information from the technical community non-informative information from the technical community n So-called experts resulting in inappropriate actions taken to address radiological concerns

17. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts17 How to Reduce Psychological Effects l Provide on-going, regular updates on the emergency to n People who may be affected n People who think they may be affected l Give clear, simple and timely advice l Make sure that information is consistent n Single authority for information l Promptly correct false information l Ensure protective actions are justified l Do not compromise the recovery l Consider education and counselling

18. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts18 A Call from CNN is an Emergency l There will be significant media and public reaction to actual or perceived risk l Poor response can have very severe consequences l All facilities need some preparations n Local population and officials must be informed of nature and risk of the operations n Must have provision for immediate response to media inquires n Response should be coordinated locally and from single location

19. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts19 Reasonably Protect the Environment l Limit the spread of contamination l Take actions to reduce impact l Control access to n Agriculture and water supplies n Forestry, fisheries and natural environment n Transportation and trade n Manage waste l Do not compromise the recovery

20. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts20 Reasonably Prepare for Resumption of Normal Activity l Resumption of normal life is essential to eliminating many of the non-radiological consequences l Experience shows if there is not an existing criteria, people may delay returning back to normal life because: n concern about contamination n misconceptions about risks l Experience shows we (radiation community) can not say enough is enough n But need to!

21. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts21 Experience Shows l Have procedures and training ready if immediate response is needed n In many emergencies – inappropriate immediate actions resulted in emergency or made the emergency worse n Examples: TMI & Chernobyl NPP accidents, San Salvador irradiation facility sStaff did not recognize the problem sDid not recognize severe conditions sDid not know what initial action to take l Planning and classification (criteria, actions) are needed sEmergency Action Levels (EALs) and corresponding actions

22. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts22 Experience Shows (1) l Be prepared for later response if needed n In many emergencies –criteria for long term actions (e.g., relocation, compensation, medical screening) were not justified and may have done more harm than good n Difficult if not impossible to develop justified criteria at the time of emergency sEmotional atmosphere sLoss of trust sPolitical pressure n Develop criteria for long term action in advance

23. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts23 Experience Shows (2) l Lack of coordinated response n Many locations being used to coordinate response and make public statements sOwner/operator sNational officials sLocal official l Result n Confusion n Inconsistent public statements n Loss of trust

24. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts24 Post-emergency Preparedness Goal l Preparedness goal n Ensure that arrangements are in place to s Protect public health s Public welfare and the environment n Develop and implement s Justified and optimized long-term countermeasures in a managed, controlled, coordinated and effective way

25. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts25 Post-emergency Response Goals l Response goals are to n Reduce the occurrence of adverse health effects in emergency workers and the public n Limit the occurrence of other adverse consequences of the radiation emergency and protective actions taken n Protect the environment n Achieve resumption of "normal" living conditions

26. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts26 Justification and Optimization of Intervention Measures towards undertaking interventions are governed by the principles in Safety Fundamentals publication on Radiation Protection and the Safety of Radiation Sources These principles are n Justification of intervention sAny proposed intervention shall do more good than harm n Optimization of intervention sIntervention shall be optimized so net benefit is maximized

27. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts27 Achieving the Goals of Emergency Preparedness l Goals of emergency response most likely to be achieved in accordance with the principles for intervention by having a sound programme for emergency preparedness in place as part of the infrastructure for protection and safety l Emergency preparedness helps to build confidence that an emergency response would be managed, controlled and coordinated effectively

28. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts28 To Conclude l Practical goal of emergency preparedness may be expressed as To ensure that arrangements are in place for a timely, managed, controlled, coordinated and effective response at the scene and at the local, regional, national and international level, to any nuclear or radiological emergency To ensure that arrangements are in place for a timely, managed, controlled, coordinated and effective response at the scene and at the local, regional, national and international level, to any nuclear or radiological emergency

29. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts29 Conclusion: Why Plan and Prepare? l Because emergencies happen l Because planning helps to save lives and to minimize risks to health and environment l Because a response with planning costs less than a response without planning l Because a response without plans can affect the credibility of authorities

30. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts30 Summary l Events requiring an immediate and planned response can occur l Poor response can result in n Significant health, psychological or financial consequences l Some planning is always needed l Adequate preparations must be established and maintained for response to emergencies at n Local n National n International level l Nature and extent of emergency arrangements must match the potential magnitude and nature of the hazard associated with the facility or activity

31. Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts31 Questions and Additional Information l Why is planning required? l What emergencies should emergency plans be based on? l List the practical goals of emergency response l For additional information, see references on the cover page