1. Ministry of Science & Technology Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators By HASSAN BASHIR ELAMIN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR Director ;Human Resources Development. UNESCO Sub-Regional Training Workshop. Cairo: 28 – 30 Sept. 2009 Republic of Sudan

2. Part One General Features of the Country

4. 1.1 Geographical Setting: 1.1.1 Position and Population: Land surface: 2,505,813 sq. km Total Population estimate (2007): 38,600,000. Population density: 13/sq. km. Average yearly population growth rate (1998-2003): 2.63%

5. Demographic & Health Highlights Population 38,600,000 Births per 1,000 Population 33 Deaths per 1,000 Population 11 Rate of Natural Increase (Percent) 2.2 Projected Population, 2025 54,300,000 Projected Population, 2050 73,000,000 Projected Pop. Change 2007-2050 (%) 89 Infant Deaths per 1,000 Live Births 69 Lifetime Births per Woman (TFR) 4.5 Population Age <15 (%) 41 Population Age 65+ (%) 4 Life Expectancy at Birth, Total 58 Life Expectancy at Birth, Male 56 Life Expectancy at Birth, Female 59 Urban Population (%) 41 HIV/AIDS Among Adult Population, Ages 15-49, 2005/2006 (%) 1.6 Underweight Children Age <5 (%) 38 GNI PPP Per Capita, 2005 (US$) $2,160 Density (population/sq. km.) 15 Youth Ages 10-24, 2006 11,800,000 Youth Ages 10-24, 2025 15,200,000 Ever-Married Females Ages 15-19 (%) 11

6. Capital Natural Resources Land use NoItemArea in (000 Hectare) 1. Total area Land – use in Sudan: 250 429 2.Land area237 443 3.Area under water12 986 4.Arable land84 034 5.Cultivated land17 471 6.Uncultivated land66 563 7.Forest &wood land64 360 8.Other49 569

7. –1.1.3.2 Sea coast, Lakes and Rivers: –Climate. –1.1.3.3 Renewable National Resources. –1.1.3.4 Non-Renewable Natural Resources. –1.1.3.4 Chief ports –1.1.3.4 Political Features

9. YearGDP - real growth rateRankPercent ChangeDate of Information 20035.10 %35 2002 est. 20045.90 %3815.69 %2003 est. 20056.40 %418.47 %2004 est. 20068.00 %3025.00 %2005 est. 20079.60 %2020.00 %2006 est. 200812.80 %633.33 %2007 est.

10. Natural resources: petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower Definition: This entry lists a country's mineral, petroleum, hydropower, and other resources of commercial importance.

12. GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 31.5% industry: 35.7% services: 32.8% (2007 est.)

14. 2.2The Comprehensive National Strategy (2007– 2011):

16. Part Two National Science & Technology Policy Structure

17. 3.1- Introduction 3.2. The Organizational Chart 3.3 Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)

18. National Assembly Cabinet of Ministers Head of the State Parliament Planning, Coordinating and Advising Bodies Execution of R and D Scientific Community National Council for Science and Technology National Council for Higher Education and Scientific Research Higher Council for the Environment and Natural Resources Higher Council of Planning National Center for Information National Council for Strategic Planning Centre for Strategic Studies Professional Councils and Units Other Bodies Organizing Council for Consultancy Firms The Engineering Council The Agricultural Council The Medical Council The Veterinary Council The Certified Accountants Council The Economists Union The Sudanese Businessmen Employers Federation The Sudanese Engineering Union The Sudanese Labour Union (--) Ministries of which the most involved in research activities are: Ministry of Finance Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Ministry of Energy Ministry of Electricity Ministry of Health Ministry of Irrigation Ministry of Industry Ministry of Justice Ministry of Interior Ministry of Labor Force Ministry of Habitat and Environment 16 Specialized Committees most important of them are Economic Committee Agricultural, Irrigation and Animal Resources Committee Cultural and Information Committee Energy and Industry Committee Higher and Education Scientific Research Committee Industrial Champers Union NGOs Ministry of Science and Technology National Center for Research Agricultural Research Corporation Animal (Veterinary) Research Corporation Industrial Research and Consultancy Center National Atomic Energy Commission Economic and Social Research Center Energy Research Center Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research: Government Universities (26) Private Universities and Colleges (30) Other High Education Institutions Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO) UNESCO National Commission Hydraulic Research Station Geological Research Corporation Petroleum laboratories National Health Laboratory Vocational Training Centers (13) Criminology Research Center Chart No. 1: Science and Technology Policy Structure

19. 3.3.1 MOST Science and Technology Policy: 3.3.2 MOST Targets. 3.3.3 MOST Organizational Set-Up 1.Science and technology sector: 2. Information Technology Sector: 3.Inter-relation and Technology Transfer sector:

20. Ministry of Science and Technology Chart Inter-relation and Technology Transfer Sector The Minister Scientific and Technology Sector Information Technology Sector Head of Financial and Administrative Sector Legal Adviser Agricultural Research and Technology Corporation Animal Research and Technology Corporation The National Center for Research Industrial and Consultancy Research Center Atomic Energy Commission Economic and social Research Center Technology Of National Information Network Technology of Radio and Television Network Technology of Remote Sensing and Meteorology Publishing and Documentation Technology of Free- zones and Science Parks External Relations Internal Relations Technology Transfer and Indigenization of Tech. Human Resources The Financial Resources

21. Council of Higher Education and Scientific Research Higher Education and Scientific Research Institutions The Minister The National Council for Higher Education and Scientific Research Scientific Committee Permanent Committee Secretary General Administrative Mints of the Minister Universities and Colleges The Higher Authority for Arabicisation The Minister Director of the Council General Administration for Planning General Administration for Finance General Administration for Technical Education General Administration for Private and Foreign Education General Administration for External Rotation and Training General Administration for Fundamental Knowledge General Administration for Improvement of Education and Research Investment Administration Organization chart of Higher Education and Scientific Research

22. 10/7/201522 MOST: TOTAL WORK FORCE 1026 44 4 1432 4294 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Researchers A/Res. TechSupport NUMBER MOST

23. 10/7/201523 الباحثون بالوزارة MOST RESEARCHERS (MOST) 423 282 279 82 14 17 491 351 253 98 106 31 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 ARCARRCNCRIRCCSAECSERC NO. OF RESEARCHERS 2002 2008 MOST

24. 3. 4. Structural set up of the Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research 1-The specialized scientific committees:- 2- Permanent committees:- 3- Institutions for higher education and scientific research.

25. Building up the National Scientific and Technological Potential Part Three

26. 4.1 Manpower Development 4. 1.1 Education: 4.1.1.1 General Education No92/932000Increase % 1.Pre-School Education 5813834344% 2.Primary Education 82881192354% 3.Higher Sec – Education 5741457154% Table (1): percentage increase in general education schools

27. 4.1.1.2: Higher Education: No92/932007 In crease % 1.Enrolled250184347773.78% 2.Graduated1318338217189.9% Table (2): Students Enrollment and Graduation in Universities:

28. Table (3): Students enrolled by field of study: NoNo in 92/93 No in 99/2000 1.Education41237269 2.Humanities & fine Art44156412 3.Social sciences & Business ness Administration & law 201212591 4.Natural Sciences16853894 5.Engineering sciences25394545 6.Agriculture23364553 7.Health and social services17604036 8.Services148177 Total2501843477

31. % Student enrollment ratio: 10.9%Students are enrolled in Education. 10.9%Enrolled in medical science, (Health & environment) 6.3%in agricultural sciences 10.7%in engineering science 7.1%in basic science 14.7%in Arts and Humanities and Science

33. The levelNo. of Students No of Universities M..Sc1033 B.Sc4807 H. D.6005 Short training Courses2000Over 100 Table (8) Education in Communication Engineering The levelNo. of StudentsNo of Universities M..Sc183 B.Sc1504 H. D.803 Short training CoursesMany- 4.1.1.3 Education in Information and Communication Technology : Table (7) No. of Students and Universities in information

34. Table (9) No. of Training centers/Computers Programes Item No. Training centers 139 Hardware Computers 826 Training programmes 49 Trainees/month 3465 Trainers/month 110

35. Table (12): Public Vocational Training Centres NoCentres LocationFoundation DateFinancing Resource 1.Khartoum (1) Vocational Training Centre 1957Sudan government + International Organization 2.Malakal V.TC1981Sudan gvt + I.L.O 3.Khartoum (2) V.T.C 1964Sudan gvt + Federal Republic of Germany 4.Kosti V.T.C1969Sudan gvt 5.Medani V.T.C1970Sudan gvt + I.L.o 6.Wau V.T.C1974Sudan gvt + Federal Republic of Germany 7.Juba V.T.C1980Sudan gvt + I.L.o

36. 8.Port Sudan V.T.C1981Sudan gvt + Federal Republic of Germany 9.Chinese Friendship V.T.C 1989Sudan gvt + China gvt 10.Niyala V.T.C1990Sudan gvt + I.L.O 11.Elobeid V.T.C1991Sudan gvt + I.L.O 12Khartoum (3) V.T.C 1994Sudan gvt 13.Korean V.T.C1996Sudan gvt + Southern Korean gvt

37. 4.2 Research and Development Potential 4.2.1 Institutions of (MOST)

40. Table (13): (MOST) Institutions staff distribution (2003) No Institution Human Resource Resear chers TechniciansLabouresTotal 1.ARC423143434555312 2.ARRC2825486081438 3.NCR318373238929 4.NAEC27482499 5.IRCC829470246 6.ESRC1571840 7.ERC355627118 Total1182256044408182

41. Table (14) (2007) NoInstitutionProgramsProject 1.ARC2499 2.ARRC1151 3.NCR51113 4.IRCC616 5.ERESC517 6.ESRC1154 7.ERC47 8.Information Technology420 9.Technology Transfer626 Total115503

42. Part Four Objectives, Achievements, Limiting Factors and Constraints in the Field of Science and Technology Policy:

43. 5.1 Objectives: some of the objectives of the strategy: 1.Putting in place comprehensive development plans to cover all aspects of life and sectors of the society. 2.Self realization, assertion of individual and common entities, indigenous, ideological reconnaissance, activation and promotion of capabilities, comprehensive scientific manipulation of the future national aspiration. 3.The establishment of a scientific and technological body to enhance the capacity of science and technology research.

44. 4.Discover and exploit the huge natural resources of the Sudan. 5.Build up a capable and dynamic scientific and technological potential (STP). 6.Transfer, assimilate and diffuse advanced foreign technology. 7.Build a solid industrial base. 8.Build a healthy economy in line with developed countries. 9. Shake up the Sudanese mentality and attitudes by cultivating and inoculating the values of hard meticulous.

45. 5.2 Achievements:- The following are a few examples of the many achievement of the strategy: 1. Establishment of a Ministry for Science and Technology as the main body responsible for science and technology issues with the sole responsibility for:- - Coordination of efforts in science and technology in all institution responsible for R&D. - Creation of national and international linkages. - Develop new means of technology transfer.

46. 2. Establishment of a special department in the council of ministers for meterology and standardization. 3. Ministerial higher council for environment. 4. A number of international agreements have been made with R&D Institutions abroad. 5. Agreements with International organization inside and outside the UN system. 6. Capacity for development has been enhanced through establishment of central facilites e.g Central laboratory, training of personal etc.

47. 7. establishment of special sector to cater for information and communication services 8. Facilitation of scientific & technological interaction involving the government sector, industry and NGOs. 9. The already existing hospitals were rehabilitated. 10. Pharmaceutical industry flourished, 14 plants are now producing drugs, medicines and medical supplies. 11. Investment was encouraged and prestudied projects in industry & agriculture were promoted. j

48. 12. An understanding and friendly trade union facilitate the interaction between the different levels. 13. The privatization policy diminished the role of the government in the services and production sectors. 14. Liberalization and restructuring of the economy, (lifting of control on foreign currency, amendment in the banking and fixation systems). 15. Sustainable growth of GDP by 6%. 16. There is an increase in export particularly oil and gold which had its positive impact on the trade balance.

49. 17. Foreign investment was on the increase: 5 billion dollars was the value of investment during the nineteen nineties. 18. The infrastructure for the oil industry was developed. 19. In education illiteracy campaigns were launched. 20. A satelite receiving station was erected. 21. Communication services extended to almost all parts of the country.

50. 5.3 Constraints: some of the limiting factors and constraints: 1.The very ambitious nature of the strategy that set goals uneasy to attain. 2. Illiteracy of the stakeholders. 3. The foreign aid for the development projects was ever diminishing due to political reasons. 4. The servicing of the foreign debts absorbed more of the hard currency. 5. Allocation of resources to meet the requirement of the implementation of the federal system had in some way hampered the development.

51. 6. The degradation of the social situation of society due to mounting inflation and demographic changes resulting from war and natural conditions. 7. In some instances weak management of research institutes. 8. Low contribution of the private sector in STI expenditure. 9. Patenting (International/ Local). 10. Qualitative research outputs.

52. 10/7/201552 Private GOV SUPPLY OF HUMAN RESOURCES (Universities + Colleges) Higher Education Revolution 51 34 universities colleges

53. 10/7/2015 13 PRODUCTIVITY GAP (Agr) Commodity (productivity Int. Mean (Ton/Ha) Research Farms (Ton/Ha) Farmer (Ton/Ha) Cotton 0.624 0.64 0.18 Wheat 2.5 0.6 Sorghum 3.5 2.5 0.8 Groundnuts 1.5 2.8 1.2 Onion 20.0 60.0 30.0 Sunflower 2.0 0.7 Sugar cane 95.0 120107 Large room for improvement through Research & Technology Transfer A long agricultural Research History A big gap between research farm and farmers productivity

54. 10/7/2015 14 NATIONAL COUNCIL for S & T المجلس القومى للعلوم والتقانة Mandate –Approving and Endorsing Policies & Strategies for Science & Technology –Overseeing Plans & Implementation of Applied Research –Deploying Human & Research Capabilities –Through its Broad membership Assisting on Transfer of Research Outputs to End Users –Fund Raising for Rehabilitating & Equipping Institutions –Encouraging Bilateral, Regional & Interregional cooperation –Advising Government on Science & Technology

55. 10/7/2015 15 RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS المؤسسات البحثية Governmental Institutions:  Ministry of Science & Technology (9 institutions)  Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (Basic and Applied)  Ministry of Energy: Petroleum Research Geological research  Ministry of Irrigation & water Resources: Hydraulic Research Station  Ministry of Health : National Health Labs.  Sugar Corporation: Genaid Research Station Private Sector: Kenana Agricultural Research Centre Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and Development

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