1. Chapter 31 Income, Poverty, and Health Care

2. Slide 31-2 Introduction The price of health care services is continually growing more quickly than the overall rate of inflation. Does this mean that there is a health care crisis? Is government financing of health care necessary?

3. Slide 31-3 Learning Objectives Describe how to use a Lorenz curve to represent a nation’s income distribution Identify the key determinants of income differences across individuals Discuss theories of desired income distribution

4. Slide 31-4 Learning Objectives Distinguish among alternative approaches to measuring and addressing poverty Recognize the major reasons for rising health care costs Describe alternative approaches to paying for health care

5. Slide 31-5 Income Determinants of Income Differences Theories of Desired Income Distribution Poverty and Attempts to Eliminate It Health Care Chapter Outline

6. Slide 31-6 Did You Know That... During the 2001-2002 recession, both the highest-income households and the lowest-income households experienced declines in income? The result was that the U.S. distribution of income became relatively more equal?

7. Slide 31-7 Income Income sources –Payment for a factor of production –Gifts –Government transfers Distribution of Income –The way income is allocated among the population

8. Slide 31-8 Income Lorenz Curve –A geometric representation of the distribution of income –A Lorenz curve that is perfectly straight represents complete income equality –The more bowed a Lorenz curve, the more unequally income is distributed

9. Slide 31-9 The Lorenz Curve Figure 31-1 100 75 50 28 25 100 Complete equality Inequality gap Actual money income distribution 7550 45° 250 Cumulative Percentage of Households Cumulative Percentage of Money Income

10. Slide 31-10 Income Criticisms of the Lorenz curve –It does not include income in kind. Income received in the form of goods and services –It does not account for the differences in size of households or the number of wage earners households contain.

11. Slide 31-11 Income Criticisms of the Lorenz curve –It does not account for age differences. –It ordinarily reflects money income before taxes. –It does not measure unreported income.

12. Slide 31-12 Lorenz Curves of Income Distribution, 1929 and 2005 Figure 31-2 100 80 60 40 20 100806040200 Cumulative Percentage of Households Complete equality 1929 2005 Cumulative Percentage of Money Income

13. Slide 31-13 Percentage Share of Money Income for Households Before Direct Taxes Table 31-1

14. Slide 31-14 International Example: Income Inequality in the U.S. Figure 31-3

15. Slide 31-15 The Distribution of Wealth The distribution of income is not the same thing as the distribution of wealth. Income is a flow variable; wealth is a stock. Income can be viewed as a return on wealth.

16. Slide 31-16 Determinants of Income Differences Age –Age-Earnings Cycle The regular earnings profile of an individual throughout his or her lifetime

17. Slide 31-17 Determinants of Income Differences Age-earnings cycle –At age 18, earnings from wages are relatively low. –Earnings gradually rise until they peak at about age 50. –Earnings then fall until retirement, when they become zero.

18. Slide 31-18 Typical Age-Earnings Profile Figure 31-5 6555453518250 Age (Real) Annual Earnings

19. Slide 31-19 Determinants of Income Differences Marginal productivity –Talent –Experience –Training –Investment in human capital

20. Slide 31-20 Determinants of Income Differences Inheritance –10 percent of inequality traced to inheritance Discrimination –Different pay for equal MRP –Equal pay for different MRP

21. Slide 31-21 Determinants of Income Differences Access to education –Non-white urban males income is reduced 23 to 27 percent because of low quality education Discrimination

22. Slide 31-22 Example: The Urban-Rural Income Gap in China The best primary and secondary schools in China are located in the major cities. The rural schools lag behind in quality. As a result, the human capital acquired by students in rural areas is declining relative to what is being accumulated by residents of the major cities.

23. Slide 31-23 Determinants of Income Differences Doctrine of Comparable Worth –The belief that women should receive the same wages as men if the levels of skill and responsibility in their jobs are equivalent

24. Slide 31-24 Theories of Desired Income Distribution Productivity –“To each according to what he or she produces.” Equality –“To each exactly the same.”

25. Slide 31-25 Poverty and Attempts to Eliminate It Mass poverty can no longer be said to be a problem in the Western world. The U.S. engages in a fair amount of income redistribution. There is always a need to assess whether the programs are successful.

26. Slide 31-26 Official Number of Poor in the United States Figure 31-6 Source: U.S. Department of Labor