1. PSTN https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

2. Public switched telephone network - PSTN operators 1 The task of building the networks and selling services to customers fell to the network operators. The first company to be incorporated to provide PSTN services was the Bell Telephone Company in the United States. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

3. Telecommunications in Bangladesh - PSTN 1 Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Limited (former BTTB)- Now having the largest PSTN subscriber base.. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

4. Telecommunications in Bangladesh - PSTN 1 The number of PSTN subscribers in Bangladesh as of February 2009 was 1.372 million. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

5. Voice over IP - PSTN integration 1 The Media VoIP Gateway connects the digital media stream, so as to complete creating the path for voice as well as data media. It includes the interface for connecting the standard PSTN networks with the ATM and Inter Protocol networks. The Ethernet interfaces are also included in the modern systems, which are specially designed to link calls that are passed via the VoIP. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

6. Voice over IP - PSTN integration 1 Most VoIP implementations support E.164 to allow calls to be routed to and from VoIP subscribers and the PSTN/PLMN https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

7. Voice over IP - PSTN integration 1 Echo can also be an issue for PSTN integration. Common causes of echo include impedance mismatches in analog circuitry and acoustic coupling of the transmit and receive signal at the receiving end. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

8. PSTN 1 Originally a network of fixed-line analog signal|analog telephone systems, the PSTN is almost entirely Digital data|digital in its core and includes mobile phone|mobile as well as landline#Fixed phone|fixed telephones. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

9. PSTN 1 The technical operation of the PSTN adheres to the standards created by the ITU-T. These standards allow different networks in different countries to interconnection|interconnect seamlessly. The E.163 and E.164 standards provide a single global address space for telephone numbers. The combination of the interconnected networks and the single numbering plan make it possible for any phone in the world to dial any other phone. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

10. PSTN - History 1 However, a bell was added soon for signaling, and then a switch hook, and telephones took advantage of the exchange principle already employed in telegraph networks. Each telephone was wired to a local telephone exchange, and the exchanges were wired together with trunking|trunks. Networks were connected in a hierarchical manner until they spanned cities, countries, continents and oceans. This was the beginning of the PSTN, though the term was not used for many decades. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

11. PSTN - History 1 The growth of the PSTN meant that traffic engineering (telecommunications)|traffic engineering techniques needed to be deployed to deliver quality of service (QoS) guarantees for the users. The work of Agner Krarup Erlang|A. K. Erlang established the mathematical foundations of methods required to determine the capacity requirements and configuration of equipment and the number of personnel required to deliver a specific level of service. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

12. PSTN - History 1 In the 1970s the telecommunications industry began implementing packet switched network data services using the X.25 protocol transported over much of the end-to-end equipment as was already in use in the PSTN. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

13. PSTN - History 1 Several large private telephone networks are not linked to the PSTN, usually for military purposes. There are also private networks run by large companies which are linked to the PSTN only through limited Gateway (telecommunications)|gateways, like a large private branch exchange (PBX). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

14. PSTN - PSTN operators 1 The task of building the networks and selling services to customers fell to the telephone company|network operators. The first company to be incorporated to provide PSTN services was the Bell Telephone Company in the United States. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

15. PSTN - Regulation 1 In most countries, the central government has a regulatory agency|regulator dedicated to monitoring the provision of PSTN services in that country. Their tasks may be for example to ensure that end customers are not over-charged for services where monopolies may exist. They may also regulate the prices charged between the operators to interconnection|carry each other's traffic. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

16. PSTN - Network topology 1 The PSTN network architecture had to evolve over the years to support increasing numbers of subscribers, calls, connections to other countries, direct dialing and so on. The model developed by the United States and Canada was adopted by other nations, with adaptations for local markets. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

17. PSTN - Digital channels 1 The call is switched using a ISUP|call set up protocol (usually ISUP) between the telephone exchanges under an overall routing in the PSTN|routing strategy. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

18. PSTN - Digital channels 1 The call is carried over the PSTN using a 64 kbit/s channel, originally designed by Bell Labs. The name given to this channel is Digital Signal 0 (DS0). The DS0 circuit is the basic granularity of circuit switching in a telephone exchange. A DS0 is also known as a timeslot because DS0s are aggregated in time-division multiplexing (TDM) equipment to form higher capacity communication links. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

19. PSTN - Impact on IP standards 1 Voice quality over PSTN networks was used as the benchmark for the development of the Telecommunications Industry Association's TIA-TSB-116 standard on voice-quality recommendations for IP telephony, to determine acceptable levels of audio delay and echo. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

20. Internet telephony - PSTN integration 1 Most VoIP implementations support E.164 to allow calls to be routed to and from VoIP subscribers and the PSTN/PLMN https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

21. Internet telephony - PSTN integration 1 Echo can also be an issue for PSTN integration.Packetcable Implementation P557– Jeff Riddel– ISBN 1-58705-181-8 [http://books.google.com/books?id=8CNBbrx ytcACpg=PA557lpg=PA557dq=PSTN+gatew ay+VOIP+impedance+mismatch Google Books Preview] Common causes of echo include Impedance matching|impedance mismatches in analog circuitry and acoustic coupling of the transmit and receive signal at the receiving end. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

22. IP Multimedia Subsystem - PSTN Gateways 1 A PSTN/CS gateway interfaces with PSTN Circuit switching|circuit switched (CS) networks. For signalling, CS networks use ISDN User Part (ISUP) (or Bearer Independent Call Control|BICC) over Message Transfer Part (MTP), while IMS uses SIP over IP. For media, CS networks use Pulse-code modulation (PCM), while IMS uses Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

23. IP Multimedia Subsystem - PSTN Gateways 1 * A Media Gateway (MGW) interfaces with the media plane of the CS network, by converting between Real-time Transport Protocol|RTP and PCM. It can also transcode when the codecs don't match (e.g., IMS might use Adaptive Multi- Rate|AMR, PSTN might use G.711). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

24. Routing in the PSTN 1 'Routing in the PSTN' is the process used to route Telephone|telephone calls across the public switched telephone network. This process is the same whether the call is made between two phones in the same locality, or across two different continents. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

25. Routing in the PSTN - Relationship between exchanges and operators 1 The PSTN is not a fully mesh networking|meshed network with every operator connected to every other - that would be both impractical and inefficient. Therefore calls may be routed through intermediate operator networks before they reach their Destination routing|final destination. One of the major problems in PSTN routing is determining how to route this call in the most cost effective and timely manner. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

26. Teletraffic engineering - In PSTN architectures 1 The traffic measurement (telecommunications)|measurement of traffic in a public switched telephone network (PSTN) allows network operators to determine and maintain the quality of service (QoS) and in particular the grade of service (GoS) that they promise their subscribers. The Network Performance|performance of a network depends on whether all origin-destination pairs are receiving a satisfactory service. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

27. Teletraffic engineering - In PSTN architectures 1 Exchanges in the PSTN make use of trunking concepts to help minimize the cost of the equipment to the operator. Modern switches generally have full availability and do not make use of grading concepts. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

28. Teletraffic engineering - In PSTN architectures 1 A very important component in PSTNs is the Signalling System No. 7|SS7 network used to route signalling traffic. As a supporting network, it carries all the signalling messages necessary to set up, break down or provide extra services. The signalling enables the PSTN control the manner in which traffic is teletraffic routing|routed from one location to another.. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

29. Internet phone - PSTN integration 1 Echo can also be an issue for PSTN integration. Common causes of echo include Impedance matching|impedance mismatches in analog circuitry and acoustic coupling of the transmit and receive signal at the receiving end. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

30. BeoCom - BeoLine PSTN and BeoLine ISDN 1 The Mark 1 BeoLine can support up to six BeoCom handsets of different types (provided that the BeoLine software has been brought sufficiently up-to- date).[http://www.beoworld.org/prod_details.a sp?pid=1234] Beoworld site description of Mark 1 PSTN base The Mark 2 BeoLine can support eight BeoCom handsets, but only those of recent manufacture.[http://www.beoworld.org/prod_d etails.asp?pid=1235] Beoworld site description of Mark 2 PSTN base https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

31. For More Information, Visit: https://store.theartofservice.co m/itil-2011-foundation- complete-certification-kit- fourth-edition-study-guide- ebook-and-online-course.html https://store.theartofservice.co m/itil-2011-foundation- complete-certification-kit- fourth-edition-study-guide- ebook-and-online-course.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com