1. اقتصاد تولید کشاورزی Agricultural Production Economics
مدرس: دکتر محتشمی

2. اهداف کلی درس: روش تدریس: اقتصاد تولید....
آشنایی دانشجویان با کاربرد الگوهای عملی و نظری در مشخص کردن ساختار تولید و تصمیم گیری در سطح واحدهای تولید کشاورزی
روش تدریس:
به صورت سخنرانی و با استفاده از وسایل کمک آموزشی (دیتا پروژکتور) خواهد بود. همچنین در مواردی فرآیند تدریس به صورت مشارکتی، حل تمرین و بحث گروهی پیش خواهد رفت.

3. جدول برنامه آموزشی جلسات:
هفته
عنوان جلسه
موضوعات مورد بحث
اول
آشنایی با مفاهیم
معرفی مفاهیم مهم در اقتصاد تولید کشاورزی
دوم
تابع تولید کشاورزی
فروض تابع تولید- معرفی نهاده های تولید و انواع آن- فرم انواع توابع تولید
سوم
تابع تولید تک متغیره
تولید متوسط و نهایی- قانون بازدهی نزولی- انواع نواحی تولید- بهینه اقتصادی مصرف نهاده- کشش تولید- حل تمرین
چهارم
پنجم
ششم
تولید با دو نهاده متغیر
مفهوم منحنی تولید همسان و کاربرد آن- ویژگیهای منحنی تولید همسان- نرخ جانشینی فنی- خطوط شیب همسان- پیشرفت تکنولوژی- مسیر توسعه- کشش جانشینی- مقلیسه منحنی های تولید کوتاه و بلندمدت- حل تمرین
هفتم
هشتم
نهم
هزینه تولید
استخراج توابع هزینه از تابع تولید- انواع هزینه تولید و ارتباط بین آنها- استخراج تابع عرضه ایستا – حل تمرین
دهم
یازدهم
تقاضا عوامل تولید
استخراج توابع تقاضا برای عوامل تولید
دوازدهم
اشکال مختلف تابع تولید
تابع تولید خطی- تابع تولید درجه دو- تابع تولید کاپ داگلاس (توان دار)- تابع تولید ترانسندنتال- تابع تولید CES
سیزدهم
چهاردهم
پانزدهم
شانزدهم
ریسک تولید
لحاظ ریسک در تابع تولید

4. - حضور به موقع و فعال در کلاس
اقتصاد تولید ....
- حضور به موقع و فعال در کلاس
(در صورتیکه دانشجو در طول ترم بیش از 3 جلسه غیبت داشته باشد طبق مقررات آموزش با وی برخورد خواهد شد)
جستجوی یک مقاله مرتبط با موضوعات اقتصاد تولید کشاورزی در سایت agecon و خلاصه سازی آن پس از تأیید مقاله توسط مدرس
- حل تمرین های کلاسی و ارائه به موقع آن

5. آزمون نهایی (آزمون تشریحی)
اقتصاد تولید ....
منابع:
- درآمدی بر اقتصاد تولید کشاورزی، نوشته سانخایان، ترجمه دکتر اکبری و دکتر رنانی
- اقتصاد تولید، نوشته جان فرانک ارزام، ترجمه دکتر ارسلان بد، مرکز نشر دانشگاهی
نکته: اسلایدهای کلیه جلسات و نیز فایل pdf کتاب درآمدی بر اقتصاد تولید کشاورزی در صفحه مربوط به گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی سایت دانشگاه قابل دسترسی می باشد.
روش ارزیابی (درصد):
ارزشیابی مستمر
میان ترم
آزمون نهایی (آزمون تشریحی)
پروژه و تمرین 5%
15%
60%
20%

6. General Overview
Agricultural Economics a subfield of Applied Economics
Applied Economics: Application of economic theory to actual events
Examples of economic specialization: labor, education, health, monetary, public, history, environmental, renewable resources, non-renewable resources, industrial organization, etc
Typically involves a reduction in the level of abstraction of core theory
Depict actual characteristics of economic problem of concern

7. General Overview The objective of any scientific inquiry is to:
Observe and describe a particular set of phenomena
Organize those observations into recognizable patterns
Formulate theories or models where sufficient regularity is sought
Theory give scientist a basis on which to make predictions
i.e., theory of supply and demand

8. Definition of Economics
“…a social science concerned with how consumers, producers, and societies choose among alternative competing uses of scarce resources in the process of producing, exchanging, and consuming goods and services”

9. Scarce Resources Resources describes anything tangible
Wheat, barbed wire, hamburgers, water, labor, clean air
Every resource is relatively scarce
→ availability of every resource is insufficient to satisfy all of its potential users
Scarcity creates need for a system to allocate resources among potential users
Need a theory by which allocation takes place

10. Scarce Resources Natural and biological resources Human resources
3.5 million square miles of land surface in U.S.
954 million acres of land in farms in U.S.
Limited supply of crude oil/natural gas reserves
Human resources
>155 million people in U.S. civilian labor force
Manufactured resources
3.9 million miles of highways
121.4 million tons of steel making capacity

11. Scope of Economics Economics can be divided into three parts:
Microeconomics
Market economics
Macroeconomics
Microeconomics concerned with the economics of individual producers and/or consumers
Aggregation
levels differ

12. Scope of Economics
The microeconomics of production examines the economics of individual producers or firms
How does a firm acquire resources and combine them in the production process?
What is the difference between cost minimization vs. profit maximization in terms of resource use?

13. Scope of Economics
Production management decisions impacting firm profit include:
Which inputs to purchase
Multiple inputs to choose from (i.e., should I rent cropland versus purchasing)
Should this choice depend on input prices (i.e., what is the annual rental rate vs. ownership costs)?
What production technique to use
Multiple production technologies (i.e., conventional tillage, minimum tillage, no-till)
Technology determines input utilization (i.e., no-till requires less energy inputs and water use)

14. Scope of Economics
Production management decisions impacting firm profit include:
Which product to produce
Multiple products to choose from (i.e., how much of my land to devote to corn vs. soybeans)
How much of each product to produce
Should this depend on product prices (i.e., corn costs more/acre to grow than soybeans)
When to produce them
Marginal benefit versus costs of waiting a week to plant so that the soil is more dry
Economics of storage

15. Scope of Economics
Another branch of microeconomics concerned with individual consumer behavior

16. Scope of Economics
Macroeconomics concerned with the entire economic system
City, state, national or international level
Questions considered
What are the linkages within the economic system as a whole?
What are the economy-wide impacts of changes in policies or institutions?
What impacts the unemployment and inflation rates, the balance of payments, and the Federal deficit?

17. Scope of Economics
Macroeconomics deals with the economic impacts of public policies
Food stamps, pesticide use restrictions, dairy product price support system, etc.
These policies can impact a particular sector of the economy as well as the the entire economy
The macroeconomist also concerned with international issues

18. Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost: Important term
All economic resources have value
Value usually determined in a marketplace where resource user pays prevailing price
Sometimes resources have economic value but those resources not purchased in a market
In this last case economists use opportunity costs to determine the resource’s economic value
Though there is no market price

19. Opportunity Cost
Opportunity cost is the economic value of a resource in its highest valued alternative use

20. Opportunity Cost
Opportunity cost of a choice is what you gave up to get it
Choose between purchasing either an apple or an orange
If you choose the apple, then your opportunity cost is the orange you could have chosen but didn't.
You gave up the opportunity to take the orange in order to choose the apple

21. Opportunity Cost Common mistake: Price vs. Cost
Price is a per-unit concept
i.e., What is the price of a gallon of gasoline?
Cost refers to the concept of prices times quantity purchased
i.e., What did it cost to fill up your car?

22. Opportunity Cost
The study of economics is all about economic values—costs vs. returns
When available, we use market prices to determine economic value.
When market prices are not available, we use the concept of opportunity cost to estimate those values
Returns can be measured in terms of $ or in terms of satisfaction (or utility)

23. Diminishing Returns
In models of the economics of production and consumption the concept of diminishing returns is key
As you increase the amount of something, ceteris paribus, you will eventually reach a point where you increase at a decreasing rate
i.e., A diminishing increase in corn yield with respect to increasing amount of applied fertilizer

24. Diminishing Returns
Production side: Law of diminishing marginal product
If you add a certain level of an input to fixed amounts of other inputs, the additional production from this extra input will eventually decrease
i.e., If you add additional units of fertilizer to a fixed amount of land, eventually response per unit of fertilizer continues to increase but at a decreasing rate
Can eventually turn negative
Too much fertilizer can burn a crop, ↓yield