1. Presenting results to the USER in a professional manner 1. semicolon, disp(), fprintf() 2. Placeholders 3. Special characters 4. Format-modifiers Output 1

2. % Collect inputs from the user base_cm = input(‘What is the base in cm? ’); height_cm = input(‘What is the height in cm? ’); % Compute the area of the triangle area_cm2 = 0.5 * base_cm * height_cm; % Display the answer on the screen % ??? How is the output displayed? 2

3. Display with a specific format There are multiple ways to display the value of a variable 1. Use the semicolon appropriately 2. use the disp() built-in function 3. use the fprintf() built-in function Each is used for specific reasons 1. Debugging – finding problems with the code 2. Simple programs, simple results (the programmer’s use) 3. Formatted (“pretty”) output 3

4. In a short example, what are the differences? 4

5. % Collect inputs from the user base_cm = input(‘What is the base in cm? ’); height_cm = input(‘What is the height in cm? ’); % Compute/DISPLAY the area of the triangle area_cm2 = 0.5 * base_cm * height_cm Not very pretty (nothing indicates where and what the output is) What is the base in cm? 3.2 What is the height in cm? 4 area_cm2 = 6.4000 The number of decimal places cannot be controlled, and it generally defaults to 4 in MATLAB. 5

6. % Collect inputs from the user base_cm = input(‘What is the base in cm? ’); height_cm = input(‘What is the height in cm? ’); % Compute the area of the triangle area_cm2 = 0.5 * base_cm * height_cm; % Display the answer on the screen % ??? How is the output displayed? disp(area_cm2); Not very pretty (nothing indicates where and what the output is) What is the base in cm? 3.2 What is the height in cm? 4 6.4000 The number of decimal places cannot be controlled using disp() either, and it defaults to 4 as well. 6

7. Using fprintf() 1. fprintf(...) % is the built-in function 2.fprintf(‘format String InSeRtEd hErE!’) % The format string allows you to put words and specify a format (UPPER CASE vs. Lower case, and punctuation only) 3. fprintf(‘format string with placeholders’, list of variables to print are inserted here. If more than one variable is to be printed, each is separated by a comma from the previous one) % Placeholders allow a specific format to be set (aligned right, and 2 decimal places for example) 7

8. Placeholders – why and how Placeholders are codes used in a format string which let the programmer use values stored in variables (without knowing the actual value) Why are placeholders needed? Suppose a variable, result, holds a value. Let’s further suppose it holds a float. How does the program print the value? Remember – the programmer may not know what value is in the variable. It may be computed during the running of the program. 8

9. Do not print a value Can this be the solution? fprintf('The value in result is: 23.4\n'); Result: >> fprintf('The value in result is 23.4\n'); The value in result is 23.4 >> 9

10. Do not print the variable name Can we just say this? fprintf('The value in result is: result\n'); Result: >> fprintf('The value in result is: result\n'); The value in result is: result >> 10

11. Do not forget the placeholder How about this? fprintf('The value in result is: ', result); Nope: >> fprintf('The value in result is: ', result); The value in result is: >> 11

12. Using placeholders The fprintf() function should print the value stored in the variable result. Placeholders to the rescue! Result: >> fprintf(‘The value in result is %f meters.’, result); The value in result is 33.651243 meters.>> 12 fprintf(‘The value in result is %f meters.’, result); “placeholder” (part of format string)

13. Using placeholders The fprintf() function should print the value stored in the variable result. Placeholders to the rescue! Result: >> fprintf(‘The value in result is %f meters.’, result); The value in result is 33.651243 meters.>> 13 fprintf(‘The value in result is %f meters.’, result); DIFFERENT THAN ; OR DISP… 6 decimal places by default.

14. Stop for vocabulary Just a quick recall about the vocabulary. fprintf(‘The value in result is %f meters.’, result); “function call” ‘format string’ “placeholder” (part of format string) variable to be printed 14

15. Most common placeholders Each data-type has a placeholder Integer %d Floats %f Strings %s A single letter %c 15

16. Printing multiple variables When more than one variable must be printed to the screen, match each variable with its placeholder, and place the list of variables in order of the placeholders. Example age = input(‘Your age? ’); %ask for age name = input(‘Your name? ’, ‘s’); %ask for name fprintf(‘%s is %d years old.’, name, age); %display Sample run: Your age? 47 Your name? Fred Fred is 47 years old.>> 16

17. Special Characters Escape sequences can also be used within the format string: \n - this will create a new line when printing the string \t - tab (tabs the text to the right) '' - this will place one apostrophe in the final sentence displayed Example of all three: >> fprintf('%s''s age:\t\t%d years old\n\n', name, age); Fred's age:47 years old >> 17

18. Format Modifiers (1/4) Once the base placeholder is ready, modifiers further change how the values are displayed. Complete Format Modifier form: %-7.2f Left-justify the value TOTAL width to occupy Nb. of decimal places 18

19. Format Modifiers (2/4) To display a floating point value to 3 decimal places: fprintf(‘The value of pi: %-7.3f.’, pi); Output: The value of pi: 3. 1 4 2 _ _ The value of pi: 3. 1 4 2. Underscores indicate whitespace – they will not actually show in the output. There are 7 spaces occupied 19

20. Format Modifiers (3/4) When debugging, it can be helpful to “delimit” the output (using dashes and > < symbols) – this lets you see where the “white space” is: fprintf('The value is:\t-->%9.3f<--\n\n', pi); Output: The value is:--> 3.142<-- >> The delimiters make it easy to notice the white space: spaces, tabs, newlines 20

21. Format Modifiers (4/4) Obviously, the decimal place portion of format modifiers will not apply to strings and integers – but the others do! Example name = ‘Fred’; age = 47; fprintf(‘%-6s is %4d years old!\n’, name, age); Output: Fred is 47 years old! Note the spaces 21

22. Wrapping Up Display strings to the screen to: Give an introduction/welcome screen to the software Give error messages when invalid inputs Terminate the program nicely And of course… To display results Omit the semicolon (debugging purposes) Use disp() – debugging purposes as well Use fprintf() – specify a very specific format to display from 0 to an unlimited amount of variables fprintf(…) requires placeholders, with or without any format modifiers: %d, %f, %s, %c, %-10.2f, %-5s, %2d 22