1. Gender Perspectives in Introduction to Regulation Gender Module #1 ITU Workshops on Sustainability in Telecommunication Through Gender & Social Equality

2. Presentation #2: Change Vectors

3. What are the change vectors acting against the old regulatory model?

4. Old Regulatory Model Responsible Body Ministry of Posts & Telecommunications Function Policy-making Function Regulation Function Network Operation Globalisation Convergence Competition Liberalisation Privatisation Deregulation Change Vectors + Telecommunications Sector under Monopoly Model * * Driving force behind structuration of sector is Monopoly Theory. + Vectors in the external environment that have impacted this model.

5. Outline Globalisation Globalisation Convergence Convergence Liberalisation Liberalisation Competition Competition Privatisation Privatisation Deregulation Deregulation Implications for Gender/Diversity Practice Implications for Gender/Diversity Practice

6. Globalisation Diffusion of the economic, social, political & cultural products, processes, values, systems & institutional frameworks of the West to the rest of the world Diffusion of the economic, social, political & cultural products, processes, values, systems & institutional frameworks of the West to the rest of the world Complex connectivity: Multifaceted linkages between societies, cultures, institutions, and individuals worldwide Complex connectivity: Multifaceted linkages between societies, cultures, institutions, and individuals worldwide

7. Globalisation 2 Emerging features: Emerging features: English as the global business and media language English as the global business and media language Increasing transborder movement of people, goods, information Increasing transborder movement of people, goods, information Growth of the Internet and new digital technological frameworks Growth of the Internet and new digital technological frameworks Increasing choices re goods and services Increasing choices re goods and services Increasing global consumerism Increasing global consumerism Market-based competition Market-based competition

8. Convergence Confluence of once-distinct telecommunication, computing, and broadcasting sectors in response to the digitization of technologies/services Confluence of once-distinct telecommunication, computing, and broadcasting sectors in response to the digitization of technologies/services Result: Erosion of policy/legal, infrastructural, and institutional barriers between previously separate communications industries, technologies, services Result: Erosion of policy/legal, infrastructural, and institutional barriers between previously separate communications industries, technologies, services

9. Convergence 2 Within telecom, there is convergence of voice and data, fixed and mobile services Within telecom, there is convergence of voice and data, fixed and mobile services Expands range and quality of services Expands range and quality of services Forcing governments, private industry to reassess old assumptions/approaches re the nature/economics of the sector Forcing governments, private industry to reassess old assumptions/approaches re the nature/economics of the sector Has led to regulatory convergence: use of a single communications regulator Has led to regulatory convergence: use of a single communications regulator

10. Liberalisation Privatisation or corporatization of government- owned PTOs Privatisation or corporatization of government- owned PTOs Opening-up of telecoms sector to competition in the era of digital convergence, globalisation and market-based economic practice Opening-up of telecoms sector to competition in the era of digital convergence, globalisation and market-based economic practice Deregulation of telecommunications sectors Deregulation of telecommunications sectors

11. Competition Refers to introducing competition among national service suppliers and/or foreign suppliers without any limitations Refers to introducing competition among national service suppliers and/or foreign suppliers without any limitations In the case of mobile cellular, the number of licenses is dependent on spectrum availability. In the case of mobile cellular, the number of licenses is dependent on spectrum availability.

12. Privatisation The transfer of control of ownership of a state enterprise to private parties, generally by organising the enterprise as a share company and selling shares to investors The transfer of control of ownership of a state enterprise to private parties, generally by organising the enterprise as a share company and selling shares to investors More generally, the term is sometimes used to refer to a wide range of modalities whereby business is opened to private enterprise and investment More generally, the term is sometimes used to refer to a wide range of modalities whereby business is opened to private enterprise and investment

13. Deregulation Deregulation: The reduction or complete elimination of government intervention in the operations of actors in the telecommunications marketplace Deregulation: The reduction or complete elimination of government intervention in the operations of actors in the telecommunications marketplace Re-regulation: A linked concept suggestive of the economic reality that the market does not always effectively and fairly allocate resources, thus requiring some regulatory intervention Re-regulation: A linked concept suggestive of the economic reality that the market does not always effectively and fairly allocate resources, thus requiring some regulatory intervention

14. Gender/Diversity Implications What are the positive & negative aspects of each of the change vectors as they relate to gender, diversity? What are the positive & negative aspects of each of the change vectors as they relate to gender, diversity? What challenges do they present for the implementation of changes in gender awareness and diversity? What challenges do they present for the implementation of changes in gender awareness and diversity? How might they help the cause? How might they help the cause?