1. Knighthood and Chivalry Courtly Love The Round Table “Gawain, Torre, and Pellinore”

2. Knighthood  Flourished on the Continent  Came from France to England with the Norman Conquest  At first knighthood was a conferred, not inherited, badge of class  Flourished on the Continent  Came from France to England with the Norman Conquest  At first knighthood was a conferred, not inherited, badge of class

3. Knighthood  Boys of noble birth were given military training  Moved from page to squire and to knight, if proved fit  Boys of noble birth were given military training  Moved from page to squire and to knight, if proved fit

4. Knighthood  In the “dubbing” ceremony, the candidate receives the “accolade,” a blow on the neck  Christianization = vigil at the church altar  In the “dubbing” ceremony, the candidate receives the “accolade,” a blow on the neck  Christianization = vigil at the church altar

5. Chivalry  Evolution from the Teutonic code of comitatus  cheval = horse  chivalry cavalry, warfare on horseback  Evolution from the Teutonic code of comitatus  cheval = horse  chivalry cavalry, warfare on horseback

6. Chivalry  Developed in 1th c. during the Crusades to counteract feudal warfare  Ideals of courage, battle-fitness, generosity, faithfulness, and service (lord, Savior, and lady)  Deepened gulf between classes  Developed in 1th c. during the Crusades to counteract feudal warfare  Ideals of courage, battle-fitness, generosity, faithfulness, and service (lord, Savior, and lady)  Deepened gulf between classes

7. Courtly Love  South of France 13th C.  Church attempted to introduce protection for female weakness  Increase devotion to the Virgin Mary  South of France 13th C.  Church attempted to introduce protection for female weakness  Increase devotion to the Virgin Mary

8. Courtly Love  Later tales involve sexual love between knight-errant and his honored lady  After 13th C. = church disapproval and decline of chivalry  Code was passed as the social conventions of the “gentleman”  Later tales involve sexual love between knight-errant and his honored lady  After 13th C. = church disapproval and decline of chivalry  Code was passed as the social conventions of the “gentleman”

9. Courtly Love  Adoration of a beautiful, intelligent noblewoman who remains chaste and /or unattainable  The IDEAL  Adoration of a beautiful, intelligent noblewoman who remains chaste and /or unattainable  The IDEAL

10. Courtly Love  Knight performs noble deeds for his female ideal  If she favors his devotion, respect prevents consummation of their love  She is married to someone else  Knight performs noble deeds for his female ideal  If she favors his devotion, respect prevents consummation of their love  She is married to someone else

11. Courtly Love  Knight keeps her name a secret but carries a memento (glove, scarf)  Celebrates her in poetry and song  Knight keeps her name a secret but carries a memento (glove, scarf)  Celebrates her in poetry and song

12. The Round Table  Probably Celtic in origin  Given Christian symbolism by Robert de Boron Last Supper Round Table Grail Table  Probably Celtic in origin  Given Christian symbolism by Robert de Boron Last Supper Round Table Grail Table

13. The Round Table  Select group of knights  “Siege Perilous” = empty seat for he who would triumph in the quest for the Holy Grail  Select group of knights  “Siege Perilous” = empty seat for he who would triumph in the quest for the Holy Grail

14. “Gawain, Torre, and Pellinore”  Lodegreaunce bestows Round Table and 100 knights as a wedding gift  3 empty seats  Siege Perilous (not yet born = Galahad)  One yet to come = Percival  Another yet to come = Lancelot  Lodegreaunce bestows Round Table and 100 knights as a wedding gift  3 empty seats  Siege Perilous (not yet born = Galahad)  One yet to come = Percival  Another yet to come = Lancelot

15. “Gawain, Torre, and Pellinore”  Gawain devolves into a vengeful figure  Pellinore had killed King Lot (Gawain’s father)  Gawain will kill Lamorak (Pellinore’s son)  Remember Agamemnon and Orestes?  Gawain devolves into a vengeful figure  Pellinore had killed King Lot (Gawain’s father)  Gawain will kill Lamorak (Pellinore’s son)  Remember Agamemnon and Orestes?

16. Pellinore’s Line  Torre is Pellinore’s illegitimate son  Carries on without a father  Alyne is Pellinore’s illegitimate daughter  Dies unrecognized by father  Torre is Pellinore’s illegitimate son  Carries on without a father  Alyne is Pellinore’s illegitimate daughter  Dies unrecognized by father

17. Pellinore’s House Pellinore Killed Lot Killed by Gawain Torre Killed by Lancelot’s men Alyne suicide Aglovale Killed by Lancelot’s men Perceval (raised in woods by Mother) Lamorak Killed by Gawain legitimate illegitimate

18. Gawain and the Hart  Accidentally beheads woman  Wears her corpse as penance  Rebuked by Guinevere (“Wife of Bath’s Tale”)  Accidentally beheads woman  Wears her corpse as penance  Rebuked by Guinevere (“Wife of Bath’s Tale”)

19. Torre and the Brachet  Conflicted by promise to lady and knight’s plea for mercy  Returns with knight’s head  Rewarded with an earldom  Inner nobility reflected in quest  Conflicted by promise to lady and knight’s plea for mercy  Returns with knight’s head  Rewarded with an earldom  Inner nobility reflected in quest

20. Pellinore and the Lady  Cursed by Alyne for lack of assistance  Kills Nyneve’s captor and returns with her  Returns with Alyne’s head  Cursed to be deserted at his greatest hour of need  Cursed by Alyne for lack of assistance  Kills Nyneve’s captor and returns with her  Returns with Alyne’s head  Cursed to be deserted at his greatest hour of need

21. Oath of the Round Table  To fight only just causes = Pellinore and the lady  At all times be merciful = Gawain and the hart  Put the service of ladies foremost = Gawain and the hart, Torre and the brachet  To fight only just causes = Pellinore and the lady  At all times be merciful = Gawain and the hart  Put the service of ladies foremost = Gawain and the hart, Torre and the brachet

22. Oath of the Round Table  Represents the ideal  More often broken than kept  Violence predominates  Taking of life seems minor  Represents the ideal  More often broken than kept  Violence predominates  Taking of life seems minor

23. Further Resources Select this link for excellent Arthurian resources The Camelot Project at University of Rochester Select this link for excellent Arthurian resources The Camelot Project at University of Rochester