1. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 1 T. Russell Shields Chair, Ygomi LLC shields@ygomi.com Vehicle Communications to Help the Environment

2. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 2 Helping Electric Vehicles Operate Efficiently and Economically o Electric vehicles can help reduce Dependence on fossil fuels Environmental impact of road travel o Issues Limited driving range Recharge time and cost Sparse recharging infrastructure Battery costs o Vehicle communications can make electric vehicles more attractive to consumers by helping to address these issues

3. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 3 How Vehicle Communications Can Help o Data services Range determination Remote battery and range monitoring EV charging station location EV battery swap station location Economical EV charging o Voice services EV roadside assistance Battery replacement Push usage guidance

4. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 4 Helping All Vehicles Improve Their Mileage o Vehicle owners with telematics systems can upload their fuel / power usage data and receive a comparison to other drivers Works best when integrated with real-time traffic and road condition information Can compare a drivers driving style and habits with the most efficient ones by vehicle make and model Can access fleet-wide consumption and driving patterns under various conditions

5. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 5 Additional Mileage Improvements o Provides vehicle and driver with detailed road characteristic and driving condition information o Vehicle automatically adjusts throttle / transmission for upcoming hills, curves, hazards o Vehicle can also prompt driver to adjust speed and acceleration

6. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 6 Additional Mileage Improvements o Potential for 3% mileage improvement without driver prompts 9% to 16% improvement with driver prompts o Volume of data and real-time needs require delivering data in small increments, based on location of vehicle and direction of travel Wireless delivery also minimizes in-vehicle hardware costs and ensures up-to-date map data

7. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 7 Using Vehicle Communications to Revitalize Vehicle Mileage Standards o Vehicle communications offer an opportunity to base fuel usage / emissions regulations on real-world data rather than tests o Currently, regulators use simulated driving conditions in laboratory tests to determine Standards for fuel economy and emissions Vehicle manufacturer compliance with regulations

8. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 8 Using Vehicle Communications to Revitalize Vehicle Mileage Standards o Tests do not accurately reflect actual driving experience or maintenance status o Vehicle manufacturers develop vehicles and deliver performance To maximize test results Not to optimize for real-world behavior o Bottom line More fuel used than necessary More emissions generated than necessary

9. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 9 Refocusing Vehicle Mileage Standards Can Change OEM Engineering Objectives o Recent legislation and regulation require fuel usage reduction in new vehicles Meeting this requirement means massive R&D investment by vehicle manufacturers o Basing fuel usage testing on real-world experience will allow manufacturers to Refocus their engineering to optimize fuel usage over vehicle lifespan under actual driving conditions Improve vehicle maintenance Determine ways to retire their older vehicles

10. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 10 Less Fuel Consumption for the Same Investment o As the rules are currently applied Vehicle manufacturer investment will reduce real average fuel usage by about 20% for new vehicles in 2015 o But if fuel usage / emissions regulations were based on real- world, life-of-vehicle averages The same vehicle manufacturer investment could produce real average fuel usage reductions of over 35%* for new vehicles** in 2015 o Requires the ability to gather fuel usage characteristics from many vehicles over time _____________ * Based on reliable private estimates by senior vehicle manufacturer engineers ** This scenario assumes that vehicles have a basic in-vehicle communications capability connected to the vehicle network as required by E-call, road pricing, and other applications under development in the EU and elsewhere

11. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 11 Use Probe Data to Monitor Actual Fleet-Wide Usage o Future telematics services can directly track fuel usage and emissions using probe data collected from vehicle sensors o This probe data can be used to determine actual average fuel consumption during a vehicles service life, under various Driving conditions Driving styles Maintenance protocols

12. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 12 Additional Environmental Advantages from Collecting Probe Data o Reducing fuel usage will proportionally reduce CO 2 and other emissions o In addition, collecting probe data on actual emissions can allow More effective individual enforcement at lower cost The opportunity to set extended rules for individual vehicles Better enforcement oversight

13. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 13 Taking Stock of Implementation Issues o All relevant technology already exists o In-vehicle technology has been extensively tested o Communications equipment is available from many equipment suppliers Needed sensors are already available on the in-vehicle network in most vehicles

14. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 14 Taking Stock of Implementation Issues o The communications capability is waiting for government initiatives 5.9 GHz spectrum is already allocated in Europe and the U.S. Japan has allocated similar spectrum Action is needed to put a qualified operator in place to build out the network on favorable terms

15. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 15 Backup Slides

16. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 16 How Vehicle Communications Can Help Data Services o Range determination Augments in-vehicle navigation system with real-time traffic and road conditions to determine and display one-way and round-trip range based on current battery charge o Remote battery and range monitoring Driver-accessible Web portal to check EV battery charge status via PC or mobile phone E-mail or text message to notify driver when charging is complete

17. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 17 How Vehicle Communications Can Help Data Services o EV charging station location Delivers location of nearby EV charging stations including queue status o EV battery swap station location Delivers location of EV charging stations that swap batteries (no need to wait for recharge) o Economical EV charging For extended (e.g., overnight) charge, monitors electricity rates and communicates to the EV when charging costs are low

18. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 18 How Vehicle Communications Can Help Voice Services o EV roadside assistance Assisted calls from EV drivers to a dealer or roadside assistance provider in the event of a breakdown or service issue o Battery replacement Assistance in locating a battery replacement facility and scheduling an appointment o Push usage guidance OEMs can contact EV owners with customized guidance on ways to improve battery usage

19. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 19 Communications Standards to Support EVs o Standards needed for message protocols and message sets for delivering: Traffic information to navigation systems ISO/TC204* WG3 (Map Database Technology for ITS) ISO/TC204 WG10 (Traveler Information Systems) Charging station availability and queue length to navigation system ISO/TC204 WG3 ISO/TC204 WG16 (Wide-Area Communications / Protocols and Interfaces) Grid status to EV to guide charging ISO/TC204 WG16 _____________ * ISO/TC204 = Intelligent Transport Systems

20. The Fully Networked Car Geneva, 4-5 March 2009 20 Standards to Support Mileage Improvement o Additional standards needed for: Message protocols and message sets for delivering incremental real-time map updates ISO/TC204 WG3 (Map Database Technology for ITS) DSRC / WAVE 5.9 GHz protocols IEEE 802.11p Task Group Probe data messages and protection of personal identifying information ISO/TC204 WG16 (Wide-Area Communications / Protocols and Interfaces)