1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

2. 2 Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 glucose SUN photons

3. 3 Redox Reaction The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another Two types: 1.Oxidation is the loss of e - 2.Reduction is the gain of e -

4. 4 Oxidation Reaction The loss of electrons from a substance or the gain of oxygen. glucose 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Oxidation Carbon dioxide Water Oxygen

5. 5 Reduction Reaction The gain of electrons to a substance or the loss of oxygen. glucose 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Reduction

6. 6 Parts of Photosynthesis

7. 7 Two Parts of Photosynthesis Two reactions make up photosynthesis: 1.Light Reaction or Light Dependent Reaction - Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH. SUN

8. 8 Light Reaction (Electron Flow) Occurs in the Thylakoid membranesOccurs in the Thylakoid membranes During the light reaction, there are two possible routes for electron flow:During the light reaction, there are two possible routes for electron flow: A.Cyclic Electron Flow B.Noncyclic Electron Flow

9. 9 Cyclic Electron Flow Occurs in the thylakoid membrane.Occurs in the thylakoid membrane. Uses Photosystem I onlyUses Photosystem I only P700 reaction center- chlorophyll aP700 reaction center- chlorophyll a Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Generates ATP onlyGenerates ATP only ADP + ATP P

10. 10 Cyclic Electron Flow P700 Primary Electron Acceptor e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- ATP produced by ETC Photosystem I Accessory Pigments SUN Photons Pigments absorb light energy & excite e- of Chlorophyll a to produce ATP

11. 11 Noncyclic Electron Flow Occurs in the thylakoid membraneOccurs in the thylakoid membrane Uses Photosystem II and Photosystem IUses Photosystem II and Photosystem I P680 reaction center (PSII) - chlorophyll aP680 reaction center (PSII) - chlorophyll a P700 reaction center (PS I) - chlorophyll aP700 reaction center (PS I) - chlorophyll a Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Generates O 2, ATP and NADPHGenerates O 2, ATP and NADPH

12. 12 Noncyclic Electron Flow P700 Photosystem I P680 Photosystem II Primary Electron Acceptor Primary Electron Acceptor ETC Enzyme Reaction H 2 O 1/2O 2 1/2O 2 + 2H + ATP NADPH Photon 2e - SUN Photon H 2 O is split in PSII & ATP is made, while the energy carrier NADPH is made in PSI

13. 13 Noncyclic Electron Flow ADP +  ATPADP +  ATP NADP + + H  NADPHNADP + + H  NADPH Oxygen comes from the splitting of H 2 O, not CO 2Oxygen comes from the splitting of H 2 O, not CO 2 H 2 O  1/2 O 2 + 2H + H 2 O  1/2 O 2 + 2H + P

14. 14 Chemiosmosis Powers ATP synthesisPowers ATP synthesis Takes place across the thylakoid membraneTakes place across the thylakoid membrane Uses ETC and ATP synthase (enzyme)Uses ETC and ATP synthase (enzyme) H+ move down their concentration gradient through channels of ATP synthase forming ATP from ADPH+ move down their concentration gradient through channels of ATP synthase forming ATP from ADP

15. 15 Chemiosmosis

16. 16 Chloroplast Granum Thylakoid STROMA– where Calvin Cycle occurs Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Thylakoid Membrane– where light reactions occur

17. 17 Two Parts of Photosynthesis 2. Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Reaction Also called Carbon Fixation or C 3 FixationAlso called Carbon Fixation or C 3 Fixation Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose).Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose).

18. 18 Calvin Cycle Carbon Fixation (light independent reaction)Carbon Fixation (light independent reaction) C 3 plants (80% of plants on earth)C 3 plants (80% of plants on earth) Occurs in the stroma Occurs in the stroma Uses ATP and NADPH from light reaction as energyUses ATP and NADPH from light reaction as energy Uses CO 2Uses CO 2 To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.

19. 19 Calvin Cycle (C 3 fixation) 6CO 2 6C-C-C-C-C-C 6C-C-C 6C-C-C-C-C 12PGA RuBP 12G 3 P (unstable) 6NADPH 6ATP C-C-C-C-C-C Glucose (6C) (36C) (30C) (6C) 6C-C-C C3C3 glucose

20. 20 Calvin Cycle Remember: C 3 = Calvin Cycle C3C3 Glucose

21. 21 Stomata (stoma) Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapor and gases (CO 2 & O 2 ) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere. Guard Cell Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Found on the underside of leaves Stoma

22. 22 Photorespiration Occurs on hot, dry, bright daysOccurs on hot, dry, bright days Stomates closeStomates close Fixation of O 2 instead of CO 2Fixation of O 2 instead of CO 2 Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar moleculesProduces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar molecules Produces no sugar molecules or no ATPProduces no sugar molecules or no ATP

23. 23 Photorespiration Because of photorespiration, plants have special adaptations to limit the effect of photorespiration: 1.C 4 plants 2.CAM plants

24. 24 C 4 Plants Hot, moist environmentsHot, moist environments 15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane)15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane) Photosynthesis occurs in 2 placesPhotosynthesis occurs in 2 places Light reaction - mesophyll cellsLight reaction - mesophyll cells Calvin cycle - bundle sheath cellsCalvin cycle - bundle sheath cells

25. 25 C 4 Plants Mesophyll Cell CO 2 C-C-C PEP C-C-C-C Malate-4C sugar ATP Bundle Sheath Cell C-C-C Pyruvic Acid C-C-C-C CO 2 C3C3 Malate Transported glucose Vascular Tissue

26. 26 CAM Plants Hot, dry environmentsHot, dry environments 5% of plants (cactus and ice plants)5% of plants (cactus and ice plants) Stomates closed during dayStomates closed during day Stomates open during the nightStomates open during the night Light reaction - occurs during the dayLight reaction - occurs during the day Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO 2 is presentCalvin Cycle - occurs when CO 2 is present

27. 27 CAM Plants Night (Stomates Open)Day (Stomates Closed) Vacuole C-C-C-C Malate C-C-C-C Malate C-C-C-C CO 2 C3C3 C-C-C Pyruvic acid ATP C-C-C PEP glucose

28. 28 Question: Why do CAM plants close their stomata during the day?

29. Cam plants close their stomata in the hottest part of the day to conserve water