2. Genetic Reserve Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives: Establishing the Context Nigel Maxted University of Birmingham

3. Talk Objectives Establish the context, not providing an overview of genetic reserve conservation Establish the context, not providing an overview of genetic reserve conservation Who can we steal from? Who can we steal from? Discuss a proposed methodology for conservation in a genetic reserve of crop wild relatives Discuss a proposed methodology for conservation in a genetic reserve of crop wild relatives Link in situ to ex situ conservation and ultimately use Link in situ to ex situ conservation and ultimately use Questions not answers Questions not answers

4. Context CBD (1992) [GPA (1996), GSPC (2002) and IT (2003)] have refocused PGR conservation towards in situ conservation CBD (1992) [GPA (1996), GSPC (2002) and IT (2003)] have refocused PGR conservation towards in situ conservation "In situ conservation means the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticates or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties." Article 2 CBD (1992) Wild populations in genetic reserves Wild populations in genetic reserves

5. Definition of Terms "Genetic Reserve Conservation - the location, management and monitoring of genetic diversity in natural wild populations within defined areas designated for active, long-term conservation. Maxted et al. (1997) Is this definition acceptable? Not cultivated species on-farm! Synonyms: genetic reserve management units, gene management zones, gene or genetic sanctuaries, crop reservations, etc.

6. Wild or Crop Wild Relative Within the context of protected area conservation is there a difference between wild species and crop wild relative conservation? Within the context of protected area conservation is there a difference between wild species and crop wild relative conservation? A crop wild relative is a taxon related to a species of direct socio-economic importance, a member of the same gene pool (GP1 and GP2) or genus (TG1, TG2, TG3, TG4), Not tertiary relatives in GP3 or TG5 A crop wild relative is a taxon related to a species of direct socio-economic importance, a member of the same gene pool (GP1 and GP2) or genus (TG1, TG2, TG3, TG4), Not tertiary relatives in GP3 or TG5 Europe an important centre for crop wild relative diversity. Europe an important centre for crop wild relative diversity. –Major crops: oats (Avena sativa), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), apple (Malus domestica), annual meadow grass (Festuca pratensis), and white clover (Trifolium repens) have wild relatives in Europe. –Major crops: oats (Avena sativa), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), apple (Malus domestica), annual meadow grass (Festuca pratensis), and white clover (Trifolium repens) have wild relatives in Europe. –Minor crops: arnica (Arnica montana), asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and sage (Salvia officinalis). –Minor crops: arnica (Arnica montana), asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and sage (Salvia officinalis). These species are threatened = Need to improve efficiency of conservation of CWR These species are threatened = Need to improve efficiency of conservation of CWR

7. UK CWR Threat Assessment Status CategoryNo. of CWR Taxa Native623 Native: Endemic20 Archeophyte81 Neophyte169 Casual10 Hybrid2 Total905

8. UK CWR Threat Assessment Status Category Taxa with occurrence <200 10x10 Km squares and a negative change index over last 25 years Native83 Native: Endemic 0 (* 18 taxa <200 occurrence, 1 with +ve change index, 17 with no data for change index) Archeophytes14 Neophytes16 Low occurrence distribution and negative change index

9. UK CWR Threat Assessment IUCN threat categoryNo. of Native TaxaTotal no. of Taxa CR910 EN89 VU3538 NT (Near Threatened)1821 NS (Nationally Scarce)8492 LC (Least Concern)1314 DD (Data Deficient)33 NE (Not Evaluated)451783

10. Prior Experience Need to develop protocols for genetic reserve conservation of CWR Need to develop protocols for genetic reserve conservation of CWR Is their existing experience? Is their existing experience? In theory Yes In theory Yes  Ammiad, Israel  Turkish GEF project  Fertile crescent project  French and Spanish experience  Other projects in various countries (Heywood, 2003)

11. Prior Experience In practice No In practice No –If we apply the Maxted et al. (1997) definition! "Genetic Reserve Conservation - the location, management and monitoring of genetic diversity in natural wild populations within defined areas designated for active, long-term conservation. "Genetic Reserve Conservation - the location, management and monitoring of genetic diversity in natural wild populations within defined areas designated for active, long-term conservation.

12. Who can we steal from? Ecologists / Foresters / Protected area managers Ecologists / Foresters / Protected area managers Is there a fundamental difference? Is there a fundamental difference? Ecosystem versus target taxon focus and emphasis on breadth of genetic base Ecosystem versus target taxon focus and emphasis on breadth of genetic base Demography versus genetic diversity Demography versus genetic diversity

13. Formulating a Model Objectives of this meeting: Objectives of this meeting: –Agree population management methodologies –Agree population monitoring methodologies Must fit within overall model of genetic conservation Must fit within overall model of genetic conservationmodel

14. Pre-Conservation Measures Is there a need to understand patterns of genetic diversity in the target taxon prior to designating reserve sites? Is there a need to understand patterns of genetic diversity in the target taxon prior to designating reserve sites? How many reserve sites are required to conserve a CWR using genetic reserve conservation? How many reserve sites are required to conserve a CWR using genetic reserve conservation? What impact will target taxon genetic diversity as opposed to ecosystem conservation have on reserve design? What impact will target taxon genetic diversity as opposed to ecosystem conservation have on reserve design? How can we attempt to ensure genetic reserve sustainability? How can we attempt to ensure genetic reserve sustainability? What level of socio-economic compromise is acceptable without compromising the genetic reserve project? What level of socio-economic compromise is acceptable without compromising the genetic reserve project?

15. Establishing a Model Is the model for genetic reserve conservation proposed by Maxted et al. (1997) appropriate? Is the model for genetic reserve conservation proposed by Maxted et al. (1997) appropriate? Is the model for genetic reserve conservation proposed by Maxted et al. (1997) appropriate? Is the model for genetic reserve conservation proposed by Maxted et al. (1997) appropriate? To manage the reserve must understand: To manage the reserve must understand: –Autecology / target taxon’s ‘niche’ –Synecology / community relationships –Population genetics and dynamics Formulate some form of management plan with interventions Formulate some form of management plan with interventions Monitor target populations to ensure management working Monitor target populations to ensure management working

16. Conservation Objectives Clearly-defined conservation objectives of a genetic reserve Clearly-defined conservation objectives of a genetic reserve “To ensure that for the target taxon the maximum genetic diversity is represented within the minimum number and size of genetic reserves.” “To ensure that for the target taxon the maximum genetic diversity is represented within the minimum number and size of genetic reserves.” Is this a good statement of the objectives? Is this a good statement of the objectives? Single target taxon versus multiple species reserve (Heywood, 2003) Single target taxon versus multiple species reserve (Heywood, 2003) –both inside protected areas and –outside existing protected areas = genetic IPA?

17. Functions of Management Plans Functions of the management plan (Adapted from Hirons et al., 1995; Pirot et al., 2000): 1. Describe the physical and biological environment of the reserve, as well as the local social and exploitation context. 2. Articulate the objectives and purpose of the reserve, highlighting and need for rehabilitation. 3. Analysis of opportunities and threats associated with the target taxon and reserve. 4. Describes management practices required to achieve the objectives, incorporating biological, social and economic actions at local and broader levels. 5. Identifying key research activities required. 6. Highlight expected outcomes of management.

18. Functions of Management Plans 7. Describes ecological monitoring practice specifying indicators, periodicity and methods. 8. Describes genetic monitoring practice specifying sampling, indicators, periodicity and methods. 9. Organise decision making, human and financial resources. 10. Specification of means of involving and informing various stakeholders. 11. Act as a training guide for new staff. 12. Ensure consistency between reserve, national and regional conservation plans. 13. Ensure site management reflect the policies of parent organisations. 14. Facilitate reporting, communication and collaboration among genetic reserves.

19. Change is Natural! Communities are intrinsically dynamic and change is ‘natural’ Communities are intrinsically dynamic and change is ‘natural’ –Stochastic - drought, floods, fire, cyclones, hurricanes and epidemics –Successional - directional, halted by management intervention –Cyclical - density-dependent interactions, dramatic but their effects do not persist (genetic drift) Changes due to human activity are more dramatic, having permanent effects, often resulting in ‘islands’ of biodiversity Changes due to human activity are more dramatic, having permanent effects, often resulting in ‘islands’ of biodiversity Human activity may create habitats, e.g. agriculture land, roadsides is the favoured habitat of the relatives of several important crops. Human activity may create habitats, e.g. agriculture land, roadsides is the favoured habitat of the relatives of several important crops. Do demography changes equate to changes in genetic diversity? Do demography changes equate to changes in genetic diversity?

20. Genetic Management Features of genetic management Features of genetic management –Whether it is possible to manage genetic diversity without also managing the broader community and ecosystem? –What is the size and structure of the community and population to maintain diversity? –How to monitor the ecological and genetic dynamics of the system? Jain (1975) notes that no primary crops or their progenitors are associated with climax vegetation, they are associated with disturbed open habitats (note: unlike forestry GR species) Jain (1975) notes that no primary crops or their progenitors are associated with climax vegetation, they are associated with disturbed open habitats (note: unlike forestry GR species) –The implication of this is the genetic reserves will require active management if we wish to avoid successions extinguishing our target taxon

21. Genetic Reserve Management Plan 1.Preamble: conservation objectives, reasons for siting of reserve, place of reserve in overall conservation strategy for target taxon. 2.Taxon description: taxonomy (classification, delimitation, description, iconography, identification aids), wider distribution, habitat preferences, phenology, breeding system, genotypic and phenotypic variation, biotic interactions (e.g. pollinators, dispersal agents, herbivores, pests, pathogens, symbionts), local name(s) and uses, other uses, present conservation activities (ex situ and in situ), threat of genetic erosion. 3.Site evaluation: evaluation of populations of the target taxon, reserve sustainability, factors influencing management (legal, constraints of tenure and access), externalities (e.g. climate change, political considerations), obligations to local people (e.g. allowing sustainable harvesting) and anthropomorphic influences. 4.Site description: location (latitude, longitude, altitude), map coverage, photographs (including aerial), physical description (geology, geomorphology, climate, hydrology, soils), human population (both within reserve and around it), land use and land tenure (and history of both), vegetation and flora, fauna, cultural significance, public interest (including educational and recreational potential), bibliography and register of scientific research.

22. Genetic Reserve Management Plan 5.Status of target taxon in the reserve: distribution, abundance, demography, and genetic structure and diversity of the target taxon within the site, autecology within the reserve, interaction with associated fauna and flora, specific threats to population(s). 6.Site objectives and policy: site objectives, control of human intervention, allowable sustainable harvesting by local people and general genetic resource exploitation. 7.Prescription: details (timing, frequency, duration etc) of management interventions that will need to be carried out, schedule of ecological and genetic monitoring, population mapping, staffing requirements and budget, project register.

23. Genetic Reserve Management Plan Is this an appropriate formulation for a genetic reserve management plan? Is this an appropriate formulation for a genetic reserve management plan? Each reserve is likely to require a unique management plan Each reserve is likely to require a unique management plan Management plan will involve experimentation and evolution, but is essentially an attempt to maintain site dynamics and a ‘healthy’ target taxon population that approximates the MVP Management plan will involve experimentation and evolution, but is essentially an attempt to maintain site dynamics and a ‘healthy’ target taxon population that approximates the MVP MVP and MDA will need to be larger for genetic conservation! MVP and MDA will need to be larger for genetic conservation! Assess success by monitoring Assess success by monitoring

24. Monitoring a Genetic Reserve

25. Reserve Utilisation Genetic reserve conservation should be linked to utilisation Genetic reserve conservation should be linked to utilisation Genetic reserve conservation and on-farm projects are not ends in themselves Genetic reserve conservation and on-farm projects are not ends in themselves How can genetic reserve conserved diversity best be utilised? How can genetic reserve conserved diversity best be utilised?

26. Reserve Users Traditional users Traditional users –Reserves are not established in an anthropogenic vacuum –Continued local use = project support –Compromise scientific management regime –Dana Nature Reserve, Jordan How can local peoples development aspirations be integrated into genetic reserve conservation activities? How can local peoples development aspirations be integrated into genetic reserve conservation activities?

27. Reserve Users General users General users –Local, national or international population –Require their support –Encourage site visits / Qal'at Al Hosn & Al Sala Hadeen, Syria How can the general public be encourages to use and support genetic reserve conservation activities? How can the general public be encourages to use and support genetic reserve conservation activities?

28. Qal'at Sala Hadeen, Syria

29. Reserve Users Professional users Professional users –Plant breeders –Pharmacologists –Characterise and publicise –Complement to ex situ conservation How can professional germplasm users gain access to and be encourages to use genetic reserve conserved diversity? How can professional germplasm users gain access to and be encourages to use genetic reserve conserved diversity?

30. Complementary Ex Situ Conservation

31. Questions to be Answered Is the definition of genetic reserve conservation acceptable? Is the definition of genetic reserve conservation acceptable? Is there a difference between wild species and crop wild relative conservation? Is there a difference between wild species and crop wild relative conservation? Is their existing experience genetic reserve conservation of CWRs? Is their existing experience genetic reserve conservation of CWRs? Is the model for genetic reserve conservation proposed by Maxted et al. (1997) appropriate? Is the model for genetic reserve conservation proposed by Maxted et al. (1997) appropriate? What are the conservation objectives of genetic reserve conservation? What are the conservation objectives of genetic reserve conservation?

32. Questions to be Answered Is there a need to understand patterns of genetic diversity in the target taxon prior to designating reserve sites? Is there a need to understand patterns of genetic diversity in the target taxon prior to designating reserve sites? How many reserve sites are required to conserve a CWR using genetic reserve conservation? How many reserve sites are required to conserve a CWR using genetic reserve conservation? What impact will target taxon genetic diversity as opposed to ecosystem conservation have on reserve design? What impact will target taxon genetic diversity as opposed to ecosystem conservation have on reserve design? How can we attempt to ensure genetic reserve sustainability? How can we attempt to ensure genetic reserve sustainability? What level of socio-economic compromise is acceptable without compromising the genetic reserve project? What level of socio-economic compromise is acceptable without compromising the genetic reserve project? What is an appropriate formulation for a genetic reserve management plan? What is an appropriate formulation for a genetic reserve management plan?

33. Questions to be Answered How should a population be managed, what interventions are required? How should a population be managed, what interventions are required? What monitoring regime is most appropriate? What monitoring regime is most appropriate? How can genetic reserve conserved diversity best be utilised? How can genetic reserve conserved diversity best be utilised? –How can local peoples development aspirations be integrated into genetic reserve conservation activities? –How can the general public be encourages to use and support genetic reserve conservation activities? –How can the professional germplasm users gain access to and be encourages to use genetic reserve conserved diversity?

34. Conclusion Growing interest in biodiversity conservation, particularly applying in situ techniques. Growing interest in biodiversity conservation, particularly applying in situ techniques. In situ genetic conservation is in its “infancy” (Jain, 1975; Hawkes, 1991; Heywood, 2003) In situ genetic conservation is in its “infancy” (Jain, 1975; Hawkes, 1991; Heywood, 2003) Sustainability is key – too many short term projects! Sustainability is key – too many short term projects! Time for protocols for CWR conservation in genetic reserves as a complement to ex situ seed storage activities Time for protocols for CWR conservation in genetic reserves as a complement to ex situ seed storage activities This workshop is an opportunity for us to lead the way! This workshop is an opportunity for us to lead the way!